{"id":92,"date":"2020-04-28T16:20:55","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T16:20:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=92"},"modified":"2020-04-29T09:58:38","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T09:58:38","slug":"dunyada-ve-turkiyede-denizyolu-tasimaciligi-ve-limanlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/dunyada-ve-turkiyede-denizyolu-tasimaciligi-ve-limanlar\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de Denizyolu Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Limanlar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"text-align:left\" class=\"has-text-color has-background has-very-dark-gray-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color\"><strong>Dr. Sayg\u0131n Can O\u011eUZ<\/strong><br><em>Uzman<br>Mavi B\u00fcy\u00fcme Politikalar\u0131 Birimi<\/em><br><a href=\"saygin.oguz@izka.org.tr\">saygin.oguz@izka.org.tr<\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Denizyolu\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yolcular\u0131n ve mallar\u0131n gemiler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde\nekonominin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi ile birlikte d\u00fcnyada k\u0131talararas\u0131 ticaret artmakta ve\nbu art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde, \u00f6zellikle a\u011f\u0131r ve hacimli y\u00fckler i\u00e7in denizyolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne\n\u00e7\u0131kan alternatif olmaktad\u0131r. Hava, kara ve demiryoluna g\u00f6re daha ucuz, \u00e7evreci\nve g\u00fcvenilir olmas\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya ticareti %80-90 oranlar\u0131nda denizyolu ile\nyap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcresel ve ticari ili\u015fkilere arac\u0131l\u0131k eden denizyolu\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fc mavi ekonomi i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnyada 2018\ny\u0131l\u0131nda denizyolu ile ta\u015f\u0131nan y\u00fck 11 milyar ton \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f (UNCTAD, 2019), k\u00fcresel\nbazda y\u00fck hacmi son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131lda 20 kat b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (\u00c7etin ve Saka, 2017). N\u00fcfus\nart\u0131\u015f\u0131, artan ya\u015fam standard\u0131, sanayile\u015fme, yerel kaynaklar\u0131n t\u00fckenmesi,\nticaret engellerinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve karayollar\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu, deniz\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan fakt\u00f6rler olmu\u015ftur (Legorburu ve\ndi\u011ferleri, 2018). Bilhassa \u00c7in\u2019in k\u00fcresel ticaretin \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6r\u00fc haline\ngelmesi ve \u00f6nceleri farkl\u0131 modlarda ta\u015f\u0131nan pek \u00e7ok y\u00fck\u00fcn konteyner ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r\nduruma gelmesiyle birlikte d\u00fcnya ticaret hacmi ve denizyolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki\nb\u00fcy\u00fcmede s\u00fcreklilik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130ZKA, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konteyner ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\nen h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. 1960&#8217;l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ISO (<em>International Organization for Standardization<\/em>) taraf\u0131ndan\n\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri bir standarda ba\u011flanan ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131kta yayg\u0131nla\u015farak kullan\u0131lan\nkonteynerler mallar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131, farkl\u0131 y\u00fcklerin bir araya gelmesini, kolay\ny\u00fcklenip bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kara ve demir yolu ile kolay entegrasyonu\nsa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Konteyner ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi limanlar aras\u0131 rekabetin\n\u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131, birden fazla ta\u015f\u0131ma arac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018kap\u0131dan kap\u0131ya\nta\u015f\u0131ma\u2019 ve \u2018kombine ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 gibi farkl\u0131 sistemlerin uygulanmas\u0131, gemi\nboyutlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve mega konteyner gemilerin imal edilmesi, ayr\u0131ca ihtiya\u00e7\nduyulan h\u0131zl\u0131 ve verimli hizmetler i\u00e7in deniz arkas\u0131nda limanlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131\nterminallerin (kuru limanlar) yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda\nd\u00fcnya konteyner i\u015flem hacmi %4,7 geli\u015fim ile 793,3 milyon TEU\u2019ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgelere\ng\u00f6re bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015flemlerin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren\nAsya, konteyner ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na liderlik etmektedir (Tablo 1). Avrupa %16, Kuzey\nAmerika %8 pay alm\u0131\u015f olup &nbsp;bu oranlar\nb\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde b\u00f6lgelerin k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131 ve tedarik zincirlerine kat\u0131l\u0131m\nd\u00fczeylerini de yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r (UNCTAD, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tablo 1: B\u00f6lgelere G\u00f6re\nD\u00fcnya Konteyner Liman \u0130\u015flem Hacmi (TEU), 2017-2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table\"><tbody><tr><td>\n  <strong>B\u00f6lge<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>2017<\/strong><strong><\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>2018<\/strong><strong><\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>D\u00fcnya Toplam\u0131ndaki\n  Y\u00fczde Pay (2018)<\/strong><strong><\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Y\u00fczde De\u011fi\u015fim\n  (2017-2018)<\/strong><strong><\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Afrika\n  <\/td><td>\n  30.398.569\n  <\/td><td>\n  30.940.898\n  <\/td><td>\n  3,90\n  <\/td><td>\n  1,8\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Asya\n  <\/td><td>\n  488.852.650\n  <\/td><td>\n  510.513.120\n  <\/td><td>\n  64,36\n  <\/td><td>\n  4,4\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Avrupa\n  <\/td><td>\n  119.359.397\n  <\/td><td>\n  125.888.633\n  <\/td><td>\n  15,87\n  <\/td><td>\n  5,5\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Latin Amerika ve Karayipler\n  <\/td><td>\n  48.863.196\n  <\/td><td>\n  51.669.025\n  <\/td><td>\n  6,51\n  <\/td><td>\n  5,7\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Kuzey Amerika\n  <\/td><td>\n  58.510.434\n  <\/td><td>\n  61.352.043\n  <\/td><td>\n  7,73\n  <\/td><td>\n  4,9\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Okyanusya\n  <\/td><td>\n  12.003.344\n  <\/td><td>\n  12.896.887\n  <\/td><td>\n  1,63\n  <\/td><td>\n  7,4\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  <strong>D\u00fcnya Toplam\u0131<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>757.987.590<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>793.260.606<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>100<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>4,7<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak: UNCTAD (2019) verileri\nve yazar\u0131n hesaplamalar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deniz\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda limanlar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7, aktarma veya biti\u015f noktalar\u0131d\u0131r. Gemiler\nile di\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131ma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda mal ve yolcu aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya y\u00fck\u00fcn\ndepolanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenlikle sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan limanlar buna ili\u015fkin gerekli\naltyap\u0131, insan kayna\u011f\u0131 ve donan\u0131m\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen 20\nkonteyner terminalinde hacim 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 ile 347,8 milyon TEU&#8217;ya y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya\ntoplam\u0131n\u0131n %43,8&#8217;ini olu\u015fturan bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck, konteyner y\u00fck elle\u00e7lemesinin belli ba\u015fl\u0131\nlimanlarda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u015eanghay d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en i\u015flek konteyner\nliman\u0131 olurken, Asya\u2019n\u0131n bu alandaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc pozisyonu do\u011frultusunda, Avrupa ve\nAmerika\u2019dan sadece be\u015f liman (Antwerp, Hamburg, Los Angeles, Long Beach ve\nRotterdam) listede yer alabilir durumdad\u0131r (UNCTAD, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tablo 2: D\u00fcnyada En Fazla\n\u0130\u015flem Hacmine Sahip \u0130lk 20 Limana Dair Veriler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table\"><tbody><tr><td>\n  <strong>Liman<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>\u00dclke<\/strong><strong><\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>2018 i\u015flem hacmi\n  (TEU)<\/strong><strong><\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>Y\u00fczde De\u011fi\u015fim\n  (2017-2018)<\/strong><strong><\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  \u015eangay\n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  42.010.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  4,4\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Singapur\n  <\/td><td>\n  Singapur\n  <\/td><td>\n  36.600.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  8,7\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Ningbo-Zhoushan\n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  26.350.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  6,9\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Shenzhen \n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  25.740.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  2,1\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Guangzhou \n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  21.920.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  7,6\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Busan \n  <\/td><td>\n  G.Kore\n  <\/td><td>\n  21.660.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  5,5\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Hong Kong, China \n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  19.600.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  5,6\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Qingdao \n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  19.320.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  5,5\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Tianjin \n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  16.000.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  6,2\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Dubai \n  <\/td><td>\n  Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri\n  <\/td><td>\n  14.950.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  2,9\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Rotterdam \n  <\/td><td>\n  Hollanda\n  <\/td><td>\n  14.510.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  5,7\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Klang \n  <\/td><td>\n  Malezya\n  <\/td><td>\n  12.030.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  0,4\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Antwerp \n  <\/td><td>\n  Bel\u00e7ika\n  <\/td><td>\n  11.100.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  6,2\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Xiamen \n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  10.700.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  3,1\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Kaohsiung \n  <\/td><td>\n  Tayvan\n  <\/td><td>\n  10.450.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  1,8\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Dalian \n  <\/td><td>\n  \u00c7in\n  <\/td><td>\n  9.770.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  0,6\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Los Angeles \n  <\/td><td>\n  ABD\n  <\/td><td>\n  9.460.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  1,3\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Tanjung Pelepas \n  <\/td><td>\n  Malezya\n  <\/td><td>\n  8.790.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  6,4\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Hamburg \n  <\/td><td>\n  Almanya\n  <\/td><td>\n  8.780.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  0,2\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  Long Beach \n  <\/td><td>\n  ABD\n  <\/td><td>\n  8.070.000\n  <\/td><td>\n  3,7\n  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak: UNCTAD, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnyada konteyner\nelle\u00e7lemesinde %16 paya sahip Avrupa\u2019da Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp gibi \u00f6nde\ngelen limanlar \u00c7in limanlar\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a gerisindedir. AB ekonomisinde \u00f6nemli\nyere sahip denizyolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda mavi ekonomi i\u00e7inde istihdam\u0131n\n%6\u2019s\u0131, katma de\u011ferin %12\u2019si ve toplam kazanc\u0131n %16\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\n(EC, 2018). Daha \u00f6zelde Akdeniz Havzas\u0131\u2019na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en i\u015flek su\nyollar\u0131ndan birisi oldu\u011fu, yar\u0131ya yak\u0131n\u0131 Yunanistan ve \u0130talya\u2019da konumlanm\u0131\u015f 600\u2019\u00fcn\n\u00fczerinde ticari liman ve terminali bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 yolu ile Avrupa\nve Asya aras\u0131ndaki mal ticaretine, ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6rfez \u00fclkelerinin sundu\u011fu petrol\u00fcn\nAvrupa\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na arac\u0131l\u0131k etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu faaliyetler ciddi b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte\ndeniz trafi\u011fi do\u011furmaktad\u0131r (\u015eekil 1). Ekonomik anlamda ise Akdeniz\u2019de deniz\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya toplam\u0131n\u0131n %5\u2019ine tekab\u00fcl eden 70 milyar Avro \u00fczerinde ciro,\n27 milyar Avro katma de\u011fer ve 550.000 ki\u015filik istihdam olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.\nKonteyner trafi\u011fi daha \u00e7ok Akdeniz\u2019in kuzeyi ve de do\u011fusuna yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\n(\u015eekil 2) (WWF, 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eekil 1: Akdeniz\u2019de Deniz Trafi\u011fi, 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"734\" height=\"313\" src=\"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sekil1a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-95\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sekil1a.png 734w, https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sekil1a-300x128.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WWF, 2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015eekil 2: Konteyner Liman Trafi\u011fi, 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"707\" height=\"340\" src=\"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sekil2a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-96\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sekil2a.png 707w, https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/sekil2a-300x144.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 707px) 100vw, 707px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaynak: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WWF, 2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnyada limanlar\nrekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in k\u00fcmelenme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmekte, bu yolla\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k ve denizlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili faaliyetlerde i\u015fbirli\u011fini\nart\u0131rmak, sinerji yaratmak ve olu\u015fan ekonomiden daha fazla pay almak\nama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 bulundu\u011fu Akdeniz ve Karadeniz\u2019de %48\u2019i\ngeli\u015fen, %29\u2019u olgun ve %17\u2019si de ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 d\u00fczeyinde olan 117 liman k\u00fcmesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.\nAB b\u00fcnyesinde \u00fc\u00e7 k\u00fcme grubunda dengeli da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m varken, AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki limanlar\u0131n\n\u00fc\u00e7te ikisi geli\u015fen k\u00fcmedir. Bu belirgin ayr\u0131m sekt\u00f6rdeki geli\u015fmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck\noranda AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir (DGMAF,\n2014). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki\nlimanlarda 2018\u2019de 203 milyon tonu y\u00fckleme, 257 milyon tonu bo\u015faltma olmak\n\u00fczere toplam 460 milyon ton y\u00fck elle\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir. Bunun %71\u2019i d\u0131\u015f ticaret y\u00fckleri\nolup kabotaj y\u00fckler, yani \u00fclke i\u00e7i ta\u015f\u0131nan y\u00fckler %13, transit y\u00fckler ise %16 pay\nalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130ZKA, 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Transit y\u00fckler \u00fclke\ni\u00e7i dola\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in de\u011fil ba\u015fka yerlere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bo\u015falt\u0131lmakta ve transit\nlimanlar daha fazla gelir ve katma de\u011fer elde etmektedir. D\u00fcnyada Singapur gibi\nba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rnekler %85\u2019e varan transit y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmektedir<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>.\nBu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yapabilmek, verimli ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hizmet sunabilmek\ni\u00e7in limanlar altyap\u0131, \u00e7evreye duyarl\u0131l\u0131k, modernizasyon, otomasyon gibi\nkonulara yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapmakta, Ye\u015fil Liman d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri sa\u011flamakta, bilgi ve otomasyon,\ntakip ve izleme, acil m\u00fcdahale gibi sistemleri ak\u0131ll\u0131 teknolojilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131\nile hayata ge\u00e7irmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00f6lgesel olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de\n2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda liman y\u00fcklerinin %40\u2019\u0131 Marmara, %35\u2019i Akdeniz ve %16\u2019s\u0131 Ege ve\n%9\u2019u Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesinde elle\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir (\u0130ZKA, 2019). Marmara B\u00f6lgesinde\nyo\u011funla\u015fan i\u015flem hacmi b\u00f6lgenin sanayile\u015fmesi ile de yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Liman\nb\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve sanayile\u015fme aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi analiz eden bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma (Tunal\u0131 ve\nAkar\u00e7ay, 2018)&nbsp; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sanayi\n\u00fcretimindeki %1 art\u0131\u015f\u0131n deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda %0,559 art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve\nsanayi \u00fcretimlerindeki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin deniz ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimleri %56\noran\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Ku\u015fkusuz sanayi \u00fcretimi artt\u0131k\u00e7a deniz\nta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da geli\u015fmesi beklenmekte, ancak buna filo kapasitesinin,\nlimanlar\u0131n, lojistik ve di\u011fer unsurlar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinin e\u015flik etmesi\ngerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>22 ayr\u0131 liman\u0131n\nbulundu\u011fu Ege B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde, TR31 \u0130zmir b\u00f6lgesi 14 liman\u0131 ile deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\nve limanlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc konumdad\u0131r. Yap\u0131m\u0131na 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flanan, ilk\nb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanan \u0130zmir Liman\u0131 Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun, Ege B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin\nve \u0130zmir\u2019in liman ihtiyac\u0131na uzun y\u0131llar tek ba\u015f\u0131na cevap vermi\u015f, 1994 ve 1998\ny\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplam y\u00fck\u00fcn %43\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc elle\u00e7lemi\u015ftir. 2001 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar\nT\u00fcrkiye limanlar\u0131nda elle\u00e7lenen toplam konteyner y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn ortalama %37\u2019si \u0130zmir\nLiman\u0131\u2019nda elle\u00e7lenirken son y\u0131llarda oran %14\u2019e kadar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r\ntaraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan yeni liman yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 Ege B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nden Marmara\u2019ya olan y\u00fck\nkaymas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu e\u011filime kar\u015f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de konteyner elle\u00e7leyen\nlimanlardaki y\u00fck geli\u015fimi s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 5. S\u0131rada bulunan \u0130zmir Liman\u0131, d\u00fcnya\nlimanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki geli\u015fme ve e\u011filimler do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ile\nsahip oldu\u011fu potansiyele uygun bi\u00e7imde b\u00f6lge ekonomisindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc\ng\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/PublicationsLibrary\/rmt2019_en.pdf\">UNCTAD (2019) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Review of Maritime Transport 2019 Report<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>European Commission (EC) (2019), The EU Blue Economy Report 2019<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u0130ZKA (2019) TCDD \u0130zmir Alsancak Liman\u0131n\u0131n Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze B\u00f6lge Ekonomisi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net\/downloads\/medtrends_regional_report.pdf\">WWF (2015) Blue Growth In The Mediterranean Sea: The Challenge of Good Environmental Status <\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Legorburu, I., Johnson, K.R. ve Kerr, S. (2018) Building Industries at Sea: \u2018Blue Growth\u2019 and the New Maritime Economy, , (Edit\u00f6rler Kate Johnson, Gordon Dalton Ian Masters) 1. Bask\u0131, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 8, Rivers Publishers, pp.257-283<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>DG Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (DGMAF) (2014) Support activities for the development of maritime clusters in the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas Project Final Report<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tunal\u0131 H. ve Akar\u00e7ay N. (2018) Deniz Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Sanayi \u00dcretimi \u0130li\u015fkisinin Analizi: T\u00fcrkiye \u00d6rne\u011fi. \u0130ktisadi \u0130dari ve Siyasal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi, 2018, 3 (6), 111-122.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u00c7etin, O. ve Saka, M. (2017) Konteyner Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Yeni Bir Model \u00d6nerisi: K\u00f6sek\u00f6y Kuru Liman\u0131, III. Ulusal Liman Kongresi<br><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] Rakamlar denizlerde, i\u00e7sularda ve k\u0131y\u0131larda yolcu ve y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile buna ili\u015fkin ekipmanlar\u0131n kiralanmas\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.porttechnology.org\/news\/in_pictures_top_5_transhipment_hubs\/ \">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Denizyolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, yolcular\u0131n ve mallar\u0131n gemiler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u015flemidir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ekonominin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi ile birlikte d\u00fcnyada k\u0131talararas\u0131 ticaret artmakta ve bu art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde, \u00f6zellikle a\u011f\u0131r ve hacimli y\u00fckler i\u00e7in denizyolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan alternatif olmaktad\u0131r. Hava, kara ve demiryoluna g\u00f6re daha ucuz, \u00e7evreci ve g\u00fcvenilir olmas\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya ticareti %80-90 oranlar\u0131nda denizyolu ile yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":93,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[15,16,14],"class_list":["post-92","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mavi-buyume","tag-deniz-tasimaciligi","tag-limanlar","tag-mavi-buyume"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=92"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":163,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92\/revisions\/163"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/93"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=92"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=92"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=92"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}