{"id":919,"date":"2021-07-02T12:28:53","date_gmt":"2021-07-02T12:28:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=919"},"modified":"2021-07-02T12:28:56","modified_gmt":"2021-07-02T12:28:56","slug":"surdurulebilir-kalkinma-amaclarindan-insana-yakisir-is-ve-ekonomik-buyume-ve-covid-19-sureci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/07\/02\/surdurulebilir-kalkinma-amaclarindan-insana-yakisir-is-ve-ekonomik-buyume-ve-covid-19-sureci\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u201c\u0130nsana Yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r \u0130\u015f ve Ekonomik B\u00fcy\u00fcme\u201d ve Covid-19 S\u00fcreci"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Meltem ALTINAY<\/strong><\/strong>
Uzman
Yenilik ve Giri\u015fimcilik Politikalar\u0131 Birimi<\/em><\/em>
meltem.altinay@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen, S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in 2030 G\u00fcndemi ve 17 S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Amac\u0131 t\u00fcm uluslar\u0131 ekonomik refah, sosyal i\u00e7erme ve \u00e7evresel s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplumlarla birle\u015ftirmeye yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kapsamda belirlene Ama\u00e7 8, h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ve politika yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 yoksullu\u011fa son vermek i\u00e7in ekonomik ve sosyal politikalar\u0131 yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ve yeniden ke\u015ffetmeye te\u015fvik etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ama\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama\u00e7 8 – \u0130nsana Yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r \u0130\u015f ve Ekonomik B\u00fcy\u00fcme<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Ama\u00e7lar\u0131nda 8. Ama\u00e7 \u201c\u0130stikrarl\u0131, kapsay\u0131c\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi, tam ve \u00fcretken istihdam\u0131 ve herkes i\u00e7in insana yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r i\u015fleri desteklemek\u201d olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Ama\u00e7 kapsam\u0131nda belirlenen alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar ise \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.1. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ulusal ko\u015fullara uygun olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve \u00f6zellikle en az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde gayri safi yurt i\u00e7i has\u0131lada y\u0131ll\u0131k en az y\u00fczde 7 oran\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcme olmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.2. Y\u00fcksek katma de\u011ferli ve emek-yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlere odaklanarak ve \u00e7e\u015fitlendirme, teknoloji geli\u015ftirme ve yenilik getirme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ekonomik verimlili\u011fin daha y\u00fcksek seviyelere \u00e7ekilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.3. \u00dcretim faaliyetlerinin, insana yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r istihdam yaratman\u0131n, giri\u015fimcili\u011fin, yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve yenilik\u00e7ili\u011fin desteklendi\u011fi kalk\u0131nma odakl\u0131 politikalar\u0131n desteklenmesi ve finansal hizmetlere eri\u015fim yoluyla mikro, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki i\u015fletmelerin resmiyet kazanmalar\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmelerinin te\u015fvik edilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.4. 2030\u2019a kadar t\u00fcketim ve \u00fcretimdeki k\u00fcresel kaynak verimlili\u011finin devaml\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekmek \u00fczere, S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir T\u00fcketim ve \u00dcretim \u0130\u00e7in 10 Y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7er\u00e7eve Program\u0131\u2019na uygun olarak ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin \u00e7evrenin bozulmas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.5. 2030\u2019a kadar gen\u00e7ler ve engelliler de d\u00e2hil b\u00fct\u00fcn kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin tam ve \u00fcretken istihdama ve insana yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r i\u015flere eri\u015fimlerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve e\u015fit i\u015fe e\u015fit \u00fccret ilkesinin tam olarak benimsenmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.6. 2020\u2019ye kadar i\u015fsiz ya da e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeyen gen\u00e7lerin oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.7. Zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak, modern k\u00f6leli\u011fi ve insan ticaretini sona erdirmek ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n askere al\u0131nmalar\u0131 ve asker olarak kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 da d\u00e2hil \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin en k\u00f6t\u00fc t\u00fcrlerinin yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in acil ve etkili \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve 2025\u2019e kadar \u00e7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin her t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn sona erdirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.8. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7menler olmak \u00fczere g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler ve g\u00fcvencesiz i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar d\u00e2hil b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortamlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.9. 2030\u2019a kadar istihdam yaratan ve yerel k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini te\u015fvik eden s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir turizmin desteklenmesi i\u00e7in politikalar olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.10. Herkesin bankac\u0131l\u0131k, sigorta ve finansal hizmetlere eri\u015fiminin te\u015fvik edilmesi ve art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yurt i\u00e7i finansal kurumlar\u0131n kapasitelerinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Covid 19 \u00d6ncesi ve Sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid 19 \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tam istihdam ve insana yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r i\u015f hedefi ile belirlenen s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma amac\u0131 8\u2019in \u00e7ok yava\u015f ilerleme kaydetti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130stihdam art\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131lama konusunda yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015f, k\u00fcresel olarak i\u015fsiz ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda 161 milyon iken bu rakam 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 188 milyona \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (UN\/DESA,2021). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fsizlik rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131, cinsiyetler aras\u0131 \u00fccret farklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, gen\u00e7 ve\/veya engelli kesimin tam istihdam bulmakta ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluklar salg\u0131n \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde de g\u00f6zlemlenen hususlar olup, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ve \u00fclkelerde b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kaynak: Cambridge University Press, 2020<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, i\u015fsizlik e\u011filimleri insana yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r i\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm i\u015fler gelir g\u00fcvencesi veya iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flamamaktad\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelerdeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin y\u00fczde 66’s\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda istihdam edilen t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7ilerin be\u015fte birinin 2019’da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 veya orta derecede yoksulluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. (ILO,2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ILO hedeflere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7abalar\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini zaten belirlemi\u015fti ancak 2020\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri Covid 19 salg\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel boyutta ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluklar ve bununla beraber gelen sosyal ve ekonomik krizler ile geli\u015fen durumun etkilerini \u00f6nlemek iyice zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

COVID \u2011 19 salg\u0131n\u0131, yoksulluk, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve ekonomi ile ilgili hedefleri di\u011fer hedeflere g\u00f6re daha do\u011frudan ve olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir. 2030 G\u00fcndemi ve S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 perspektifinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u00fcresel salg\u0131n, \u201ctam ve \u00fcretken istihdam\u201d ve \u201cherkes i\u00e7in insana yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r i\u015f\u201d elde etme yolunda ciddi zorluklar ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salg\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 olabildi\u011fince kontrol alt\u0131nda tutabilmek i\u00e7in \u201csosyal mesafelendirme\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde ekonomik faaliyetlere, dozu gerek \u00fclkeden \u00fclkeye, gerekse zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n sonucunda ciddi \u00fcretim ve gelir kay\u0131plar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, ulusal ekonomilerde farkl\u0131 boyutlarda daralmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ekonomik daralma da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak ciddi istihdam kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.(G\u00fcrsel, Uysal ve \u015eahin,2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

COVID-19’un sa\u011fl\u0131kla ilgili, ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6nemli say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7iyi uzun vadeli ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetme riskiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. ILO’nun en son tahminlerine g\u00f6re kriz, 2020’de, 255 milyon tam zamanl\u0131 i\u015fe e\u015fde\u011fer, k\u00fcresel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinde y\u00fczde 8,8’lik bir kay\u0131pla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (ILO, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u015fsizler saflar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131p i\u015f ararken, bir\u00e7o\u011fu da i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen terk etmi\u015ftir. Genellikle kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ekonomide, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar, gen\u00e7ler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler di\u011fer gruplardan daha fazla etkilenmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131ndaki s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ne kadar uzun s\u00fcrerse, etkilenen i\u015f\u00e7iler, aileleri ve topluluklar\u0131, uzun s\u00fcreli yoksulluk i\u00e7inde s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalma riskiyle o kadar fazla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmaktad\u0131r. Gen\u00e7ler i\u00e7in bu kriz; becerilerinde, kariyer yollar\u0131nda ve motivasyonlar\u0131nda izler b\u0131rakacakt\u0131r. \u0130htiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermek i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a, kay\u0131p gen\u00e7 nesle yol a\u00e7abilir. (UN\/DESA,2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid 19 salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli etkisine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ama\u00e7 8 i\u00e7in etkinin \u2018y\u00fcksek derecede olumsuz etki\u2019 olarak nitelendirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Etkiler \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r(Cambridge, 2020):<\/p>\n\n\n\n