{"id":911,"date":"2021-07-02T12:05:36","date_gmt":"2021-07-02T12:05:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=911"},"modified":"2021-07-02T12:05:39","modified_gmt":"2021-07-02T12:05:39","slug":"surdurulebilir-tarimda-entegre-mucadele-ve-onemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/07\/02\/surdurulebilir-tarimda-entegre-mucadele-ve-onemi\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Tar\u0131mda Entegre M\u00fccadele ve \u00d6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tuba TOL<\/strong><\/strong>
Uzman
Proje Uygulama ve \u0130zleme Birimi<\/em><\/em>
tuba.tol@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun \u00fc\u00e7te bir oran\u0131nda artarak yakla\u015f\u0131k 9,7 milyara ula\u015fmas\u0131 beklenmektedir (UN,2015). D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusundaki bu art\u0131\u015fa paralel olarak tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihtiyac\u0131 da artmaktad\u0131r. Bu ihtiyac\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda, yo\u011fun girdili tar\u0131msal uygulamalar \u00f6nem kazanarak konvansiyonel (yayg\u0131n) tar\u0131m olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00fcretim \u015fekli yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131mda yo\u011fun girdi kullan\u0131m\u0131na dayanan h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim sonucu  tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde verim artm\u0131\u015f fakat konvansiyonel tar\u0131mdan  kaynaklanan  \u00f6nemli \u00e7evresel sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu sorunlar  \u00fcretimin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit edecek boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ery\u0131lmaz vd.,2018). Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m kavram\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde agronomik, \u00e7evresel, ekonomik ve sosyal boyutlar\u0131 dengelemeyi hedefleyen bir yakla\u015f\u0131m \u015feklidir.  S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m ile ama\u00e7lanan tar\u0131mda verimlili\u011fi korurken bir yandan da \u00e7evreye verilen zarar\u0131 azaltarak, k\u0131sa ve uzun d\u00f6nemde ekonomiyi canl\u0131 tutmak, tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam kalitesini y\u00fckselterek tar\u0131msal uygulamalar\u0131n geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r (Turhan, 2005). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7evre koruma g\u00fcndemi, son k\u0131rk y\u0131lda daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma hedefine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu hedefe ula\u015fmada temiz teknolojiler \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m i\u00e7in de do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 zorunluluktur. Tar\u0131mda temiz \u00fcretim, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilen, kaynaklar\u0131 rasyonel olarak verimli kullanabilen ve \u00e7evreyi koruyabilen bir \u00fcretim teknolojisi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Esas\u0131nda \u00e7evre dostu \u201cye\u015fil\u201d tar\u0131m kimyasallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreterek ve kullanarak tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim teknolojisini geli\u015ftirir, tar\u0131msal kirlili\u011fin insan ve \u00e7evre \u00fczerindeki risklerini azalt\u0131r. Tar\u0131m kimyasallar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Sosyal, ekonomik ve ekolojik faydalar\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve tar\u0131m\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini korumak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131mdaki bu tar\u0131m kimyasallar\u0131n\u0131n ekolojik g\u00fcvenli\u011fini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurur (Wang vd., 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede tar\u0131mda temiz \u00fcretim kapsam\u0131nda zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in entegre m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tar\u0131mda entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi 1970’lerde (Robertson vd.,2005) tar\u0131mda kirlili\u011fin \u00f6nlenmesi ve kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve halen de \u00f6nemini koruyan bir temiz \u00fcretim teknolojisidir (Veisi,2012). Entegre m\u00fccadele; k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkisinde zarar olu\u015fturan etmenlerin pop\u00fclasyon dinamiklerini ve \u00e7evre ile ili\u015fkilerini dikkate alarak m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemlerini ve tekniklerini uyumlu bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece zararl\u0131lar\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmak yerine bunlar\u0131n pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ekonomik zarar e\u015fi\u011finin alt\u0131nda tutmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Entegre m\u00fccadelede, ortamda mevcut olan do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve desteklenmesi de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu sayede belirli bir agro-ekosistemde bulunan hastal\u0131k, zararl\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 otlar ile m\u00fccadele ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011fil, birbirini tamamlayacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entegre M\u00fccadele literat\u00fcrde IPC (Integrated Pest Control) \u201cEntegre Zararl\u0131 Kontrol\u00fc\u201d veya IPM (Integrated Pest Management) \u201cEntegre Zararl\u0131 Y\u00f6ntemi\u201d olarak da ifade edilmektedir (TAGEM,1996). Entegre m\u00fccadelenin ana hedefleri; \u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi sa\u011flamak, bitkisel \u00fcretimde kalite ve verimi art\u0131rmak, pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 azalmak hatta engellemek, \u00e7evre direncini art\u0131rmak, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki do\u011fal dengeyi korumak, ila\u00e7 ve ila\u00e7lama giderlerini azaltmak \u015feklinde s\u0131ralanabilir (Karsavuran,2001).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entegre M\u00fccadele kapsam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemler; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel m\u00fccadele, fiziko-mekanik m\u00fccadele, biyolojik m\u00fccadele, biyoteknik m\u00fccadele ve kimyasal m\u00fccadele olarak s\u0131ralanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel M\u00fccadele<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bitki zararl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmek, \u00e7o\u011falmalar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak veya engellemek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan tar\u0131msal i\u015flemlerdir. B\u00f6ceklere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta \u00f6ncelikle k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nlemlerden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu i\u015flemlerde ana ama\u00e7 b\u00f6ceklerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de\u011fil, \u00f6nceden al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerle k\u00fclt\u00fcr bitkilerini veya \u00fcr\u00fcnleri b\u00f6ceklerden korumakt\u0131r. Kuvvetli ve sa\u011flam bitkilerin yeti\u015ftirilmesi, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bitki t\u00fcr ve \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin ekilmesi,  ekim, dikim ve hasat zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlanmas\u0131, toprakta n\u00f6betle\u015fe ekimin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, bu m\u00fccadelede uygulanan faaliyetlere \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Fiziko-Mekanik M\u00fccadele<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zararl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ortam\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek suretiyle zararl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye veya faaliyetlerini azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. Uygulamalar do\u011frudan zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonuna yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in koruyucu ve kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131c\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. <\/em>Biyolojik ve Biyoteknik M\u00fccadele<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biyolojik m\u00fccadelede, zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n ekonomik e\u015fik alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131nda, zararl\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Biyoteknik m\u00fccadelede ise, b\u00f6ceklerin biyoloji, fizyoloji ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerine etkili olan maddeler kullan\u0131larak onlar\u0131n normal ya\u015fama d\u00fczenlerini bozmak suretiyle say\u0131lar\u0131 azalt\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Kimyasal M\u00fccadele<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zararl\u0131 b\u00f6cek pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 ekonomik zarar e\u015fi\u011fi alt\u0131nda tutmak amac\u0131yla kimyasal bile\u015fiklerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemidir. Bu kimyasal bile\u015fiklere tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131 veya pestisitler ad\u0131 verilir. Pestisitler hedef ald\u0131klar\u0131 organizmalara g\u00f6re (akarisit, fungisit, herbisit, insektisit) grupland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 gibi \u00fcretimleri veya elde edildikleri k\u00f6kenlerine g\u00f6re de (kimyasal pestisitler, biyopestisitler) s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entegre Zararl\u0131 Y\u00f6netiminde, kimyasal m\u00fccadele en son se\u00e7enek olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. \u0130la\u00e7lama tercih edildi\u011finde ise, kullan\u0131lan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n toksisitesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmal\u0131 ve \u00e7evreye en az zarar veren ila\u00e7lar tercih edilmelidir (Durmu\u015fo\u011flu,  2011).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eekil 1. <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de y\u0131llara g\u00f6re tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 kullan\u0131m miktarlar\u0131 (Ton)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kaynaklar: Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2019<\/em>
(*)2016 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra hesaplama metodunda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle kullan\u0131m miktar\u0131 y\u00fcksek g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llardan bu yana pestisitler yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 kullan\u0131m miktar\u0131, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re %10,9 artarak 60.020 tona y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir (\u015eekil 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel olarak tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 en \u00e7ok Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesinde (%28,7) kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin ve sera varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn ticaretinin de yo\u011fun olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge olmas\u0131 nedeniyle pestisitin en yo\u011fun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgedir. Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesini s\u0131ras\u0131 ile Ege, Marmara ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgeleri takip etmektedir. Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgeleri T\u00fcrkiye t\u00fcketiminin sadece %11,1\u2019ni olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi ise %4,1 ile pestisit kullan\u0131m\u0131nda en son s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r (\u00c7\u015eB,2019).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eekil 2. <\/strong>Bitki Koruma \u00dcr\u00fcnlerinin Gruplara Ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Olarak 2017 Y\u0131l\u0131 Ege B\u00f6lgesinde \u0130ller Baz\u0131nda Kullan\u0131m Durumlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130zmir \u0130linde pestisit kullan\u0131m\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda (\u015eekil 2), toplam tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %47,55\u2019ini fungusitler (mantar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler), %37,38\u2019ini insektisitler (b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler), % 8,05\u2019ini herbisitler (yabanc\u0131 ot \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler),  %4,15\u2019ini akarisitler (akar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler), %0,5\u2019ini rodentisitler (kemirgen \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler) ve %2,27\u2019sini di\u011ferleri (bitki aktivat\u00f6r\u00fc, bitki geli\u015fim d\u00fczenleyici, b\u00f6cek cezbedici, fumigant, nematosit, k\u00fck\u00fcrt, madeni ya\u011flar) olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bitkisel \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lar sebebiyle meydana gelen \u00fcr\u00fcn kayb\u0131n\u0131n % 35 oran\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, zirai m\u00fccadele yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman bu kayb\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir  (TOB,2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde bitki sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetlerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmak, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak,  ihracatta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in zirai m\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n entegre m\u00fccadele prensipleri do\u011frultusunda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi amac\u0131yla Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde devam etmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar do\u011frultusunda se\u00e7ilen \u00f6nder \u00fcreticilere, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen hastal\u0131k, zararl\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 otlara kar\u015f\u0131 kimyasal m\u00fccadele yerine alternatif y\u00f6ntemlerin \u00f6ncelikle uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131, Entegre M\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri tarla, ba\u011f, bah\u00e7e, sera gibi \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131nda uygulamal\u0131 e\u011fitimlerle g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verdi\u011fi teknik destekler ile Entegre M\u00fccadele uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmekte, yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla projeler y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Bakanl\u0131k deste\u011fi ile 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda 81 ilde 45.038 \u00fcretici ile 3.896.000 dekar alanda Entegre Zararl\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi (IPM) Program\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entegre m\u00fccadelede etkin olarak kullan\u0131lan biyolojik ve biyoteknik m\u00fccadele uygulamalar\u0131 Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile te\u015fvik edilmekte ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar do\u011frultusunda 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda 212.938,464 dekar alanda biyolojik ve biyoteknik m\u00fccadele uygulamalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (TOB,2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entegre m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemlerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131ndaki rol\u00fc \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Gelecek y\u0131llarda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi etkisiyle \u00fcr\u00fcn veriminde de ya\u015fanacak azalmalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 daha da \u00f6nemli hale gelecektir. Toplumda t\u00fcm payda\u015flar\u0131n bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- Ayd\u0131n Ery\u0131lmaz G, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 O 2018. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Tar\u0131m ve \u0130yi Tar\u0131m Uygulamalar\u0131. KS\u00dc Tarim ve Do\u011fa Derg 21(4): 624-631. DOI:10.18016\/ ksudobil. 345137.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2- \u00c7\u015eB,2019<\/a>, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3- Durmu\u015fo\u011flu, E.,2011. Entomoloji, T.C. Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131n\u0131 No: 2355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4- Karsavuran,Y.,2001.Entegre M\u00fccadele ve Temel \u0130lkeleri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5- \u00d6rt\u00fcalt\u0131 Sebze Yetistiriciliginde Entegre M\u00fccadele Teknik Talimat\u0131. Tar\u0131m ve K\u00f6yisleri Bakanl\u0131g\u0131 Tar\u0131msal Arast\u0131rmalar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fcg\u00fc (TAGEM), Ankara,1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6- Robertson, G.P.; Swinton, S.M. , 2005. Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: A grand challenge for agriculture. Front. Ecol. Environ. , 3, 38\u201346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7- T.C. Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2015. \u00dclkemizde Zirai M\u00fccadele Girdilerinin De\u011ferlendirilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8- T.C.  Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2020 Faaliyet Raporu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9- Turhan, \u015e. , 2005.Tar\u0131mda S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve Organik Tar\u0131m, Tar\u0131m Ekonomisi Dergisi, 11(1) : 13 \u2013 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affair, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11- Veisi, H., 2012. Exploring the determinants of adoption behaviour of clean technologies in agriculture: A case of integrated pest management. Asian J. Technol. Innov., 20, 67\u201382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12- Wang,A., Li, M., 2015. Discussion on Agricultural Cleaner Production,  International Conference on Applied Science and Engineering Innovation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7evre koruma g\u00fcndemi son k\u0131rk y\u0131lda daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma hedefine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu hedefe ula\u015fmada temiz teknolojiler \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Tar\u0131mda temiz \u00fcretim, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilen, kaynaklar\u0131 rasyonel olarak verimli kullanabilen ve \u00e7evreyi koruyabilen bir \u00fcretim teknolojisi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[270,19,269],"class_list":["post-911","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-surdurulebilir-kalkinma","tag-entegre-mucadele","tag-surdurulebilir-kalkinma","tag-surdurulebilir-tarim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/911","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=911"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/911\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":915,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/911\/revisions\/915"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=911"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=911"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=911"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}