{"id":831,"date":"2021-06-17T17:20:11","date_gmt":"2021-06-17T17:20:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=831"},"modified":"2021-06-17T17:20:13","modified_gmt":"2021-06-17T17:20:13","slug":"akuakultur-ve-surdurulebilir-kalkinma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/06\/17\/akuakultur-ve-surdurulebilir-kalkinma\/","title":{"rendered":"Akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr ve S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

E. Mustafa \u00dcST\u00dcNEL<\/strong><\/strong>
Uzman
Proje Uygulama ve \u0130zleme Birimi<\/em><\/em>
mustafa.ustunel@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u015fehirle\u015fme ile karasal tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131, do\u011fal bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bask\u0131lar nedeniyle avc\u0131l\u0131k yolu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilecek \u00fcretimin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na gelmi\u015f olmas\u0131 akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6nemini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun protein ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan sekt\u00f6r olan akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nman\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn Tan\u0131m\u0131 ve Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Su \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcretimi avc\u0131l\u0131k ve yeti\u015ftiricilik olmak \u00fczere iki \u00fcretim mod\u00fcl\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle insan t\u00fcketimi i\u00e7in su organizmalar\u0131n\u0131n kontroll\u00fc \u015fekilde yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olan ve akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, bal\u0131k, kabuklu hayvanlar, yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar, su bitkileri, algler ve di\u011fer su canl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.  T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilecek bir faaliyet olan su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, denizler, nehirler ve g\u00f6ller veya yapay su ortamlar\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131 do\u011fal ortamlarda kontroll\u00fc ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda tatl\u0131 su ve tuzlu su pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesini i\u00e7erir.  Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin en yayg\u0131n \u015fekli ise k\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak da tan\u0131mlanan bal\u0131k yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlere, milattan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6ncesine kadar uzan\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019de rahiplerin bundan 3000 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce dahi manast\u0131r havuzlar\u0131nda sazan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeti\u015ftirdikleri bilinmektedir. \u0130ncil\u2019de bal\u0131k havuzlar\u0131ndan bahsedilirken, ilk\u00e7a\u011f M\u0131s\u0131r duvar ve mezar s\u00fcslemelerinde s\u00fcs bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n havuzlar\u0131na rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Romal\u0131lar halen \u0130talya\u2019da kullan\u0131lmakta olan sahillerde havuzlarda bal\u0131k yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Deniz bal\u0131klar\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ise muhtemelen Endonezya\u2019da M\u00d6. 1400 y\u0131llar\u0131nda gel-git olay\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fct bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yavrular\u0131n\u0131n sahildeki havuzlara stoklanmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir end\u00fcstri halinde geli\u015fmesi ise, ancak 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Deniz bal\u0131klar\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricili\u011findeki son geli\u015fmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda sar\u0131kuyruk yeti\u015ftiricili\u011findeki geli\u015fmelerle Japonya\u2019da meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra bu \u00fclkede \u00e7ipura (Pagrus Major) son olarak da orkinos yeti\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda Kuzey Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika \u00fclkeleri somonu ve 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda Akdeniz \u00fclkeleri levrek ve \u00e7ipura yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fini ticari d\u00fczeye getirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (\u00d6zbay, 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde d\u00fcnya genelinde ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmeler \u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrili olan \u00fclkemizde de kendisini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye’nin co\u011frafi konumu ve mevcut do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i\u00e7in uygun f\u0131rsatlar sunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye her biri kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zelliklere ve farkl\u0131 \u00fcretim potansiyeline sahip Karadeniz, Ege ve Akdeniz ile \u00e7evrili ve bir i\u00e7 deniz olan Marmara Denizi’ni \u00e7evrelemektedir (Atalay ve Malta\u015f, 2020). \u00dclkemizin \u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u0131nda bulunan farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip denizler, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Denizlerimiz s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve tuzluluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6stermekte olup, toplam k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridi uzunlu\u011fu 8 bin 333 km\u2019dir. \u00dclkemizdeki denizlerin farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerde olmas\u0131 hem avc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa hem de bu denizlerde yeti\u015ftiricilik yap\u0131lmas\u0131na da imk\u00e2n tan\u0131maktad\u0131r (TEPGE, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tatl\u0131su alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretimi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’de ilk \u00f6zel alabal\u0131k \u00e7iftli\u011fi 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bilecik-Boz\u00fcy\u00fck’te kurulmu\u015ftur. Tatl\u0131 su alabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, 1980’li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve geli\u015fen yo\u011fun su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi teknolojileri ile \u00fcretimini istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar art\u0131ran deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur (Tosun, 2020). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de denizde ilk ciddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tesisi, Ya\u015far Holding \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130zmir-\u00c7e\u015fme\u2019de \u00e7ipura-levrek yavru \u00fcretimi ve yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi amac\u0131 ile kurulmu\u015ftur. 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ise Karadeniz\u2019de kafeslerde alabal\u0131k ve somon, 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda da Akdeniz\u2019de (Alanya) karides yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 sularda sazan ve alabal\u0131k \u00fcretimindeki \u00e7iftlik say\u0131s\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f deniz \u00e7iftliklerinde de devam etmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7 sularda a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 alabal\u0131k, denizlerde de \u00e7ipura ve levrek \u00fcretilmektedir (\u00d6zbay, 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyada ve \u00dclkemizde Akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

FAO verilerine g\u00f6re, k\u00fcresel bal\u0131k \u00fcretimi 2018’de yakla\u015f\u0131k 179 milyon tona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olup bunun 82 milyon tonu su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretiminden gelmektedir. D\u00fcnya bal\u0131k \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 88’i (156 milyon ton) do\u011frudan insan t\u00fcketimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup bu da ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na tahmini y\u0131ll\u0131k 20,5 kg\u2019a denk gelmektedir. Kalan k\u0131s\u0131m (22 milyon ton) g\u0131da d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bunun % 82’si de (18 milyon ton) bal\u0131k unu ve bal\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1960’larda % 67 olan do\u011frudan insan t\u00fcketimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bal\u0131k oran\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Canl\u0131, taze veya so\u011futulmu\u015f bal\u0131klar, genellikle en \u00e7ok tercih edilen ve y\u00fcksek fiyatl\u0131 bal\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak do\u011frudan insan t\u00fcketimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bal\u0131klar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131n\u0131 (% 44) temsil etmektedir. Bunu % 35 ile dondurulmu\u015f, haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve konserve bal\u0131klar (% 11) ve % 10 ile kurutulmu\u015f bal\u0131klar izlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin toplam \u00fcretiminin % 46’s\u0131n\u0131 bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte Asya taraf\u0131ndan domine edilmekte olup son yirmi y\u0131lda hacim olarak k\u00fcresel toplam\u0131n %89\u2019u Asya \u00fclkeleri taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Afrika ve Amerika’n\u0131n paylar\u0131 artarken, Avrupa ve Okyanusya’n\u0131n paylar\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, d\u00fcnyada k\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rneklerinin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclke olan \u00c7in, 1991’den bu yana d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan daha fazla akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda da k\u00fcresel bal\u0131k \u00fcretiminin % 35’ini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek \u00f6nemli bir bal\u0131k \u00fcreticisi olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir (FAO, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretimi 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re %33 oran\u0131nda artarak 836 bin 524 ton olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretimimiz ge\u00e7mi\u015fte avc\u0131l\u0131k karakterli olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin \u00fcretim i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretiminin %44,6’s\u0131n\u0131 yeti\u015ftiricilik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re %13,8 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stererek 373 bin 356 ton olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Yeti\u015ftiricilik \u00fcretiminin %69\u2019u denizlerde, %31\u2019i i\u00e7 sularda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u00e7 sularda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yeti\u015ftiricilik \u00fcretim miktar\u0131, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar denizlerdekinden fazla olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n son 6 y\u0131ld\u0131r denizlerdeki \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 i\u00e7 sulardan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00fcretim miktar\u0131ndan fazlad\u0131r. \u00dclkemizdeki yeti\u015ftiricilik \u00fcretiminin neredeyse tamam\u0131 levrek, \u00e7ipura ve alabal\u0131ktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Denizlerimizde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen k\u00fclt\u00fcr bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetinde \u00f6zellikle iki ilimiz \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde bu alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00fcretimde Mu\u011fla %42,8 ile ilk s\u0131rada, \u0130zmir %33,4 ile ikinci s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r (TEPGE, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00d6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr, gerek d\u00fcnyada gerekse \u00fclkemizde h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir sekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Akuak\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu hususu ve bu kapsamda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma ile olan ili\u015fkisi ise her \u015feyden \u00f6nce gelecekte ya\u015fanmas\u0131 muhtemel g\u0131da sorunu ile ili\u015fkilidir. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 9,6 milyara \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bunun da g\u0131da ve protein kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir talep yaratmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bal\u0131k ve bal\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, geli\u015fmekte olan bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayvansal protein al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r (WB, 2017).  2017’de bal\u0131k t\u00fcketimi, k\u00fcresel n\u00fcfusun hayvansal protein al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n % 17’sini ve t\u00fcketilen t\u00fcm proteinlerin % 7’sini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur (FAO, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel bal\u0131k t\u00fcketimi, 60 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir oranda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1961-2017 d\u00f6neminde, toplam g\u0131da bal\u0131k t\u00fcketiminin y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131 % 3,1 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde y\u0131ll\u0131k % 1,6 olan n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f oran\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u0131lda % 2,1 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren di\u011fer t\u00fcm hayvansal proteinli g\u0131dalar\u0131 (et, s\u00fct, s\u00fct vb.) geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na g\u0131da bal\u0131k t\u00fcketimi 1961’de 9,0 kg’dan 2017’de 20,3 kg’a, y\u0131lda ortalama % 1,5 oran\u0131nda y\u00fckselirken, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde toplam et t\u00fcketimi y\u0131lda % 1,1 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcketimdeki geni\u015fleme, yaln\u0131zca \u00fcretimdeki art\u0131\u015flardan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn birle\u015fiminden de kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fleme, so\u011fuk zincir, nakliye ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mdaki teknolojik geli\u015fmeler, bal\u0131k ve bal\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine y\u00f6nelik artan taleple g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde ili\u015fkili olan d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda artan gelirler, kay\u0131p ve at\u0131kta azalma ve t\u00fcketiciler aras\u0131nda bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k yararlar\u0131 konusunda artan fark\u0131ndal\u0131k bal\u0131k t\u00fcketimini art\u0131ran fakt\u00f6rler olmu\u015ftur (FAO, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 H\u0131zla artan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu, n\u00fcfusun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve dengeli beslenmesi sorununu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Artan n\u00fcfus ile \u015fehirle\u015fmenin de art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermesi, karasal tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesine neden olmakta ve mevcut tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n beslenme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamakta yetersiz kalmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bal\u0131k ve bal\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri di\u011fer yayg\u0131n proteinlerden daha y\u00fcksek protein ve enerji tutma kapasitesine sahiptir. Yukar\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi bal\u0131k ve bal\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fekilde beslenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir protein kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ve g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte s\u00f6z konusu \u00fcr\u00fcne olan talep y\u0131llar itibar\u0131yla giderek artmaktad\u0131r. Fakat bu durum okyanuslar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve denizlerimizin y\u0131llar boyu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanma ile s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine de neden olmu\u015ftur. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanman\u0131n bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bask\u0131 ciddi boyuttad\u0131r. FAO’nun de\u011ferlendirmesine g\u00f6re, biyolojik olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir seviyelerde olan bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131 1974’te % 90 iken 2017’de % 65,8’e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bask\u0131n\u0131n, denizlerimizin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n besin talebini kar\u015f\u0131layabilmesi hususunda tehlike yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Okyanuslar\u0131m\u0131z ve denizlerimizdeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanman\u0131n y\u0131ldan y\u0131la artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, artan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu besleyecek deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in alternatif kaynaklara ihtiya\u00e7 bulunmaktad\u0131r.  Bu kapsamda su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri arz\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurman\u0131n bir arac\u0131d\u0131r. Bal\u0131klar\u0131 sorumlu ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir<\/a> \u015fekilde yeti\u015ftirmek, gelecek nesillere sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve \u00e7evre dostu protein se\u00e7eneklerine eri\u015fim sa\u011flaman\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Deniz kirlili\u011fine yol a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konu olmakla birlikte su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricilik faaliyetleri de bulunduklar\u0131 ortam\u0131 biyolojik ve kimyasal d\u00fczeyde etkilemektedir. Ancak su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde bu etkilerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7evreye ve denize kal\u0131c\u0131 bir kirlilik yaratmamaktad\u0131r (Suzer vd, 2017). Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7evre dostu yemlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile s\u00f6z konusu etkilerin en aza indirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretiminin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fayda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tolere edilebilir seviyede oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ve k\u00fcresel ekosistemin korunmas\u0131na ayr\u0131ca artan d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun beslenmesine sundu\u011fu katk\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nman\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olup, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in okyanuslar\u0131, denizleri ve deniz kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kullanmak olarak tan\u0131mlanan \u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Ama\u00e7lar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n 14.\u2019s\u00fc olan \u201cSudaki Ya\u015fam\u201d hedefine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda kilit bir role sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n