{"id":768,"date":"2021-06-15T09:53:54","date_gmt":"2021-06-15T09:53:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=768"},"modified":"2021-06-15T09:53:57","modified_gmt":"2021-06-15T09:53:57","slug":"covid-19-doneminde-kruvaziyer-turizmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/06\/15\/covid-19-doneminde-kruvaziyer-turizmi\/","title":{"rendered":"Covid-19 D\u00f6neminde Kruvaziyer Turizmi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

M\u00fcge UYAR<\/strong><\/strong>
Kurumsal \u0130leti\u015fim Personeli
Kurumsal Y\u00f6netim Birimi<\/em><\/em>
muge.uyar@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131 aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde ba\u015flay\u0131p t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na alan Covid-19 vir\u00fcs\u00fc t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zdan seyahat tercihlerimize kadar bir\u00e7ok unsuru de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almak amac\u0131yla uygulanan \u00f6nlemler bir\u00e7ok sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve do\u011frudan ekonomiyi olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015f olup tedbirlerden en \u00e7ok etkilenen sekt\u00f6rlerden biri ise turizm olmu\u015ftur. Konaklamalar\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131, seyahat k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131, \u00fclkelere giri\u015f – \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yasaklar\u0131 yerli turist say\u0131s\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kadar yabanc\u0131 turist say\u0131s\u0131nda da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turizm t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131ndaki kruvaziyer turizminin Covid-19 d\u00f6neminde en \u00e7ok etkilenen sekt\u00f6rlerden biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. T\u00fcrk limanlar\u0131na u\u011frayan kruvaziyer gemi oran\u0131 2019 ve 2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda %98,5, kruvaziyer gemi yolcu say\u0131s\u0131 %99,3 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19 d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesi kruvaziyer sekt\u00f6r\u00fc hacmi d\u00fcnya genelinde 42 Milyar Dolara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015fken 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 %100\u2019e varan bir kay\u0131pla tamamlam\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck gelir kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1). Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 sonucunda durdurulan sekt\u00f6rde \u00f6nemli maddi kay\u0131plar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kapal\u0131 bir ortamda ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan ayr\u0131 bir tatil imkan\u0131 sunan kruvaziyer gemileri tedbirler al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun ortam olu\u015fturur. \u00dclkelerin kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131na uluslararas\u0131 seyahat k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 getirmeleri veya s\u0131n\u0131r kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelere kapatmalar\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda kruvaziyer gemisiyle tatil yapmay\u0131 da imkans\u0131z hale getirmi\u015ftir. Bu da Covid-19 d\u00f6nemi kruvaziyer turizmi de\u011ferlerinde y\u00fcksek oranda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Otelciler Birli\u011fi verilerine g\u00f6re; 2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk on bir ay\u0131nda 35.277 gelen yolcu ve 204.280 transit yolcu bar\u0131nd\u0131ran toplam 328 kruvaziyer tipi yolcu gemisi limanlar\u0131m\u0131za u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2020 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde limanlar\u0131m\u0131za gelen kruvaziyer say\u0131s\u0131 ocak ay\u0131nda 1 adet, mart ay\u0131nda 4 adet olmak \u00fczere toplam 5 adettir. Y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 90 gelen yolcu ve 1.734 transit yolcu ile birlikte toplam 1.824 yolcu limanlar\u0131m\u0131za u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 ilk 4 ay\u0131nda halen kruvaziyer gemileri hareket etmemektedir (4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turizmde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan kruvaziyer turizmi Covid-19 ile ba\u015flayan s\u00fcrece \u015fanss\u0131z bir giri\u015f yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yolcu say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bu kadar d\u00fc\u015fmesinde Diamond Princess gemisinde ya\u015fanan vaka etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Princess Cruises\u2019un i\u015fletti\u011fi 20 Ocak 2020 tarihinde Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Yokohama Liman\u0131\u2019ndan hareket eden Diamond Princess\u2019te 56 \u00fclkeden 2666 yolcu ve 1045 m\u00fcrettebat toplam 3711 ki\u015fi bulunuyordu. Corona vir\u00fcs ta\u015f\u0131yan bir yolcunun gemiye binmesi sonucu 712 ki\u015fide vaka g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve 13 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyada yeni yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hen\u00fcz semptomlar\u0131n\u0131n ve yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada kapal\u0131 ve kalabal\u0131k bir ortamda bu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131lmas\u0131 gemiyi Covid-19 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir laboratuvar haline getirmi\u015ftir. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn hava yoluyla bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin hastal\u0131k belirtisi g\u00f6stermeden de ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olabilece\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bu gemide ya\u015fanan vaka neticesinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olay\u0131n ard\u0131nda kruvaziyer turizmi durdurulmu\u015f ve sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7ok ciddi kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6nde gelen ilk \u00fc\u00e7 \u015firketi 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7eyre\u011finde toplam 5 milyar dolar zarar etti\u011fini ve 2020 Mart ay\u0131ndan itibaren 40 milyar dolar bor\u00e7land\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diamond Princess gemisinde Covid-19 vir\u00fcs\u00fc yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan 14 g\u00fcnl\u00fck karantina s\u00fcreci HBO taraf\u0131ndan \u201cThe Last Cruise\u201d ad\u0131yla belgesel yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 30 Mart 2021 tarihinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19\u2019un Turizme Olan Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sadece kruvaziyer turizminde de\u011fil genel olarak turizmin her t\u00fcr\u00fcnde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler D\u00fcnya Turizm \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (UNWTO) verilerine g\u00f6re uluslararas\u0131 seyahat say\u0131s\u0131 1950 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren istikrarl\u0131 bir y\u00fckseli\u015f ya\u015fayarak d\u00fcnya turizm end\u00fcstrisini b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelindeki uluslararas\u0131 seyahat say\u0131s\u0131 %3,8 b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile 1 milyar 461 milyon olmu\u015ftur (1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fcme Covid-19 vir\u00fcs\u00fc yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almak amac\u0131yla uygulanan tedbirler nedeniyle 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Turizmin canl\u0131 oldu\u011fu temmuz ay\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 seyahat say\u0131s\u0131nda 2019 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re %81, a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda %79 azalma ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1.5 trilyon dolar seviyesinde olan turizm geliri Covid-19 d\u00f6neminde 730 Milyar dolar kayba neden olmu\u015ftur (1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 turizm geliri 9,1 milyar dolar\u0131 yabanc\u0131 ziyaret\u00e7ilerden olmak \u00fczere 12,1 milyar dolar olmu\u015f ve bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la oranla % 65,1\u2019lik bir azal\u0131\u015f sergilemi\u015ftir. Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n en \u00e7ok geceleme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iller s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda \u0130zmir be\u015finci, yerli ziyaret\u00e7ilerin en \u00e7ok geceleme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iller s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda ise d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6nemli bir turizm destinasyonu olan \u0130zmir Covid-19\u2019un yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok etkilenen illerden biri olmu\u015ftur (2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk vaka mart ay\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve yaz aylar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olan deniz-kum-g\u00fcne\u015f turizmini olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelen toplam ziyaret\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 51,7 milyon ki\u015fi iken 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk on ay\u0131nda bu say\u0131da % 72,5\u2019lik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk on ay\u0131nda 40,7 milyon olan say\u0131 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk on ay\u0131nda 11,2 milyona gerilemi\u015ftir. T.C. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, \u0130zmir\u2019e bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1.150.397 olan ziyaret\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 280.072\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. En \u00e7ok ziyaret\u00e7i alan \u0130stanbul, Antalya, Mu\u011fla ve \u0130zmir\u2019de 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 ziyaret\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli art\u0131\u015flar olurken Covid-19 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedirginlik ve al\u0131nan tedbirler kapsam\u0131nda 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 ziyaret\u00e7i say\u0131lar\u0131nda ciddi gerilemeler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ziyaret\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fanan gerilemeler do\u011frudan turizmden elde edilen geliri ve ekonomiyi de etkilemi\u015ftir. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 ocak ve \u015fubat aylar\u0131 \u00fclkemiz i\u00e7in verimli ge\u00e7erken Mart ay\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanan vakalar ve ard\u0131ndan al\u0131nan tedbirler sonucunda \u00f6nemli kay\u0131plara neden olmu\u015ftur. Turizm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip yaz aylar\u0131 gelirleri b\u00fcy\u00fck gerilemeyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Yeni D\u00f6nem Turizm Beklentileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYeni Normal\u201d hayat\u0131m\u0131za ayak uydurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sekt\u00f6rlerden biri olan turizmde baz\u0131 al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klarda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vaka say\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131lan veya kapanan i\u015fletmeler ve konaklamalar tedbirlere ayak uydurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken di\u011fer insanlardan izole bir \u015fekilde dinlenme imkan\u0131 sunan eko turizme olan ilgi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yerli turistler toplu ula\u015f\u0131m yerine kendi ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla sessiz sakin yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelere, do\u011faya ve butik oteller yo\u011fun ilgi g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karavan ile konaklama, villa kiralama ve yat turlar\u0131 gibi izole tatil se\u00e7enekleri \u00f6ne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Tatil yap\u0131lacak yer se\u00e7ilirken \u00f6ncelikle uygun fiyat veya yap\u0131labilecek aktiviteler aran\u0131rken, hijyen ve izole bir ortam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle yerli turist i\u00e7in kalabal\u0131ktan uzak ve dezenfekte edilen alanlar tercih \u00f6nceli\u011fi yaratmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Londra merkezli trend ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u015firketi Globetrende\u2019e g\u00f6re, Covid-19 nedeniyle \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 seyahat e\u011filimlerini \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n