{"id":727,"date":"2021-04-12T07:26:31","date_gmt":"2021-04-12T07:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=727"},"modified":"2021-04-12T07:26:34","modified_gmt":"2021-04-12T07:26:34","slug":"yaraticiligin-ekonomisi-ve-izmir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/04\/12\/yaraticiligin-ekonomisi-ve-izmir\/","title":{"rendered":"Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ekonomisi ve \u0130zmir"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cang\u00fcl Ku\u015f<\/strong><\/strong>
Birim Ba\u015fkan\u0131
Mavi B\u00fcy\u00fcme Politikalar\u0131 Birimi<\/em><\/em>
cangul.kus<\/a>@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pandemi ile bo\u011fu\u015ftu\u011fu zorlu bir y\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Kalk\u0131nma ve Yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (UNCTAD) taraf\u0131ndan \u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in Yarat\u0131c\u0131 Ekonomi Y\u0131l\u0131\u201d olarak ilan edilen 2021 y\u0131l\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131k. UNCTAD\u2019\u0131n 2019 Genel Kurulunda kabul edilen tema, kaderin bir cilvesi olarak, B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran\u0131n ard\u0131ndan k\u00fcresel anlamda en ciddi ekonomik daralman\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, toparlanma ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme i\u00e7in yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa odaklanmay\u0131 \u00f6neriyor. UNCTAD Genel Sekreter Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Isabelle Durant, karar\u0131n zaman\u0131nda geldi\u011fine, geli\u015fen hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in giri\u015fimcili\u011fi destekleyen, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe katk\u0131da bulunan, inovasyonu te\u015fvik eden yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstrilerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma g\u00fcndemi i\u00e7in kritik bir \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler, \u00f6z\u00fcnde bireysel yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, bilgi ve yetene\u011fin bulundu\u011fu, bu sayede \u00fcr\u00fcn, hizmet ve istihdam yaratan end\u00fcstriler olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yorlar (DCMS, 2001). Bilgiyi ve teknolojiyi kullanarak h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme yaratan, b\u00f6lgelerin yenilik yaratma kapasitesini geli\u015ftiren, bu sayede refah\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 rol oynayan, uluslararas\u0131 ticarette \u00fclkelerin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcne \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flayan bu end\u00fcstriler ayn\u0131 zamanda dijitalle\u015fmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rarak yeni sanayile\u015fme paradigmas\u0131na intibak s\u00fcrecini de kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Yapay zeka, veri analiti\u011fi, robotik geli\u015fmeler ve eklemeli \u00fcretim ile katma de\u011feri yeniden tan\u0131mlay\u0131p dikkatleri entelekt\u00fcel sermayeye \u00e7ekiyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocak ay\u0131nda \u0130ZKA taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yarat\u0131c\u0131 End\u00fcstrilerin \u0130BBS-2 B\u00f6lgeleri D\u00fczeyinde Analizi: \u0130zmir\u2019e Bir Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d raporu, yukar\u0131daki tespitleri do\u011frular nitelikte veriler sunarak, idari kay\u0131tlar \u00fczerinden son 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in \u00fclkemiz ve b\u00f6lgelerimizin (\u0130BBS-2 b\u00f6lgeleri) yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler konusundaki durumunu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131yor. Raporun ilk \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 sonucu, \u00fclkemizin yarat\u0131c\u0131 mal d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi olumlu performans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131 Mal D\u0131\u015f Ticareti ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Raporda d\u00fcnyada 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda 208 Milyar Dolar olan k\u00fcresel yarat\u0131c\u0131 mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 510 Milyar Dolara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 577 Milyar Dolar ile kendi i\u00e7inde bir zirveyi i\u015faret ediyor. Yarat\u0131c\u0131 mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n 2009 (k\u00fcresel ekonomik krizin ertesi y\u0131l\u0131) ve 2015 y\u0131llar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015f trendi i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenirken, raporda yarat\u0131c\u0131 mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n toplam k\u00fcresel mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturdu\u011fu belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyada yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ticareti s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda akla ilk gelen \u00fclkeler genelde ABD ve k\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131 \u00fclkeleri oluyor. Zira yarat\u0131c\u0131 mal d\u0131\u015f ticaretine en fazla konu olan \u00fcr\u00fcnler tasar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri. Halbuki \u00fclkelerin korumac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mla yerli sanayiyi geli\u015ftirmek, yeni i\u015f kollar\u0131 yaratmak, ya da eski i\u015f kollar\u0131n\u0131 canland\u0131rmak ad\u0131na ithal \u00fcr\u00fcnlere ve d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere ekstra vergi koymas\u0131 ve ihracat \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine uygulanan kotay\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde misilleme yapmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanan \u201cticaret sava\u015flar\u0131\u201d yarat\u0131c\u0131 mal d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde de kendisini hissettiriyor. \u00c7in, bu tabloda devasa \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki \u00fcretimi ve pazar pay\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131k ara liderli\u011fini ilan ederken, ABD en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rakibinin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00bc\u2019\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen ihracat pay\u0131 ile kapanmas\u0131 epey g\u00fc\u00e7 bir farkla ikinci s\u0131ray\u0131 alan \u00fclke oluyor. T\u00fcrkiye bu tabloda ilk 10\u2019a girmeye aday, son 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde ihracat\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ile s\u0131ralamada 7 basamak birden t\u0131rmanan ve 10 Milyar Dolar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayanan bir \u00fclke olarak olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir performans sergiliyor. Bu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 performans\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fclkemizin yarat\u0131c\u0131 mal d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde fazla veren \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndan 4. S\u0131rada bulunmas\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka gurur duyulmas\u0131 gereken sonu\u00e7. Raporda \u00fclkemize bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flayan d\u0131\u015f ticarete konu yarat\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerimizin, el sanatlar\u0131 ve tasar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri oldu\u011fu ifade ediliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131 End\u00fcstrilerde Katma De\u011fer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstrilerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katma de\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerle k\u0131yaslanmas\u0131 (Grafik 4 ve Grafik 5) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadaki bir di\u011fer \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 tabloyu ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"

Grafik 4: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Katma De\u011feri \u0130\u00e7inde Sekt\u00f6rlerin Paylar\u0131 (%), 2017<\/strong> Kaynak: \u0130ZKA,2020<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Grafik 5: Katma De\u011fer Oran\u0131 (%), 2017<\/strong>
Kaynak: \u0130ZKA,2020<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Grafik 4\u2019te yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler, yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler i\u00e7erisinde ise pozitif ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bilgi ve ileti\u015fim end\u00fcstrisi (BIT), in\u015faat ve imalat sanayi gibi i\u015fletme say\u0131s\u0131 ve ciro bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00fclkemizin devi olarak nitelendirilebilecek sekt\u00f6rlerle k\u0131yaslan\u0131yor. Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmada yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstrilerin ve BIT\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye katma de\u011feri i\u00e7erisindeki pay\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer iki sekt\u00f6re g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu, %3-4 d\u00fczeyinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130malat sanayi ve in\u015faat gibi sekt\u00f6rlerin gerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131, gerek i\u015fletme say\u0131s\u0131 gerekse te\u015fvik ve desteklerden ald\u0131klar\u0131 pay g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler alan\u0131n\u0131n bu m\u00fctevaz\u0131 pay\u0131 \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bulunmayabilir. Ancak Grafik 5\u2019de, sekt\u00f6rler kendi i\u00e7lerinde yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 katma de\u011fer \u00fczerinden k\u0131yasland\u0131klar\u0131na tablo de\u011fi\u015fiyor. \u00dcretim i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 girdileri en y\u00fcksek de\u011fere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek ekonomiye dahil eden sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/u><\/em> Yani yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler, \u00fcretimden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 her 100 birimlik pay\u0131n (girdi) 28 birimini katma de\u011fer olarak ekonomiye geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu de\u011fer imalat sanayi i\u00e7in %22, in\u015faat i\u00e7in ise %15. \u00d6te yandan yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler i\u00e7erisinde ise BIT %33\u2019l\u00fck y\u00fcksek katma de\u011fer oran\u0131 ile en y\u00fcksek katma de\u011feri \u00fcreten end\u00fcstri alan\u0131 ve OECD \u00fclkeleri ile k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fumuz bir alan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Grafik 6:<\/strong> OECD \u00dclkelerinde BIT Faaliyetinin Katma De\u011fer Oran\u0131 (%), ISIC. Rev.4, 2017<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

OECD \u00fclkeleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda %50\u2019nin \u00fczerinde katma de\u011fer oran\u0131na sahip bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstri alan\u0131 olan BIT, g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici politikalar ile geli\u015fiminin desteklenmesi gereken bir alan. Bu end\u00fcstrinin \u0130zmir\u2019deki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc konumu da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n dikkate de\u011fer sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir\u2019de Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ekonomisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada \u0130zmir, \u0130stanbul ve Ankara\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan BIT<\/u><\/em><\/strong> alan\u0131nda en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc uzmanla\u015fmaya sahip b\u00f6lge olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Kent ekonomisi i\u00e7erisinde yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler 544 Milyon Dolar ciro ve 12.971 ki\u015filik istihdam g\u00fcc\u00fc ile m\u00fctevaz\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe sahip olsalar da, \u0130zmir\u2019in BIT alan\u0131ndaki artan uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sanayi ve imalat sekt\u00f6rleri \u00fczerinde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkilerin artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. \u0130zmir\u2019de bu alanda yarat\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fimlerin geli\u015fimi ve be\u015feri sermaye art\u0131\u015f\u0131 imalat sanayi ile olan yak\u0131nsamay\u0131 (convergence) art\u0131racak, \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara konu edilmesi, sanayi taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan sorun alanlar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m ve bilgi\/teknoloji yo\u011fun i\u015f hizmetleri \u00fczerinden s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc h\u0131zlanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada alt\u0131 \u00e7izilen di\u011fer \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7, kent ekonomisi i\u00e7erisinde ciro, istihdam b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve uzmanla\u015fma boyutunda ikinci s\u0131rada gelen yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstri alan\u0131n\u0131n \u201creklam ve pazarlama<\/u><\/em><\/strong>\u201d olmas\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada 2010-2017 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6neme k\u0131yaslamal\u0131 olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetti\u011fi ancak g\u00fcncel durumda sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn bilhassa \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 meslek\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131nda el sanatlar\u0131<\/strong> ile birlikte en fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fana sahip alan iki alandan biri oldu\u011fu dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Bu iki alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n toplam\u0131 \u0130zmir\u2019de yarat\u0131c\u0131 meslek sahiplerinin %50\u2019sinden daha fazla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131 meslekler boyutunda da, \u0130zmir\u2019in durumunun incelendi\u011fi raporda; 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yarat\u0131c\u0131 mesleklerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yakla\u015f\u0131k 542 bin ki\u015finin bulundu\u011fu ve %5,8\u2019inin ise \u0130zmir\u2019de faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ifade ediliyor. Literat\u00fcrde \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan ve 3T olarak tabir edilen yetenek (talent), teknoloji (technology) ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc (tolerance) ile kentlerde tutunduklar\u0131 belirtilen yarat\u0131c\u0131 meslekleri icra eden bireylerin, yarat\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n<\/em>, \u0130zmir\u2019de yo\u011funla\u015fma g\u00f6stermesi ve kentin yarat\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in cazibesinin giderek artmas\u0131 kentin markala\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 da olumlu y\u00f6nde etkiliyor. Raporda \u0130zmir\u2019in yarat\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 31 bin ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu ve bu meslek sahiplerinin T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisine paralel bir \u015fekilde b\u00f6lge i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn %1,6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir\u2019de el sanatlar\u0131 ve reklam pazarlaman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan en y\u00fcksek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radaki yarat\u0131c\u0131 meslek grubu ise tasar\u0131m<\/strong>. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 3600 ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu meslek grubunun \u0130zmir\u2019in toplam yarat\u0131c\u0131 mesleklerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %11,5. Tasar\u0131m\u0131n gerek imalat gerekse hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in kritik bir \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011fu, tasar\u0131m\u0131n t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in kald\u0131ra\u00e7 etkisi yaratabilecek etkiye sahip bir alan oldu\u011fu adeta bir ortak kabul. Bu kabulden hareketle kentin canl\u0131 yarat\u0131c\u0131 ekosistemi ve bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yan\u0131ndan istifade edebilecek politikalar \u00fcretilmesi gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rapor yukar\u0131daki tespitlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, d\u0131\u015f ticaret, istihdam, k\u00fcmelenme ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli tespiti i\u00e7eriyor, D\u00fczey-2 \u0130statistiki B\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in k\u0131yaslama yapabilme imkan\u0131 sunuyor ve alan yaz\u0131n\u0131na bir yap\u0131sal ekonomik analiz ile katk\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, yenilik ve teknoloji \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstriler \u0130zmir i\u00e7in kent ekonomisinde yeni bir geni\u015fleme alan\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret ediyor. Kentin raporda veriler \u00fczerinden ispat edilen BIT, reklam ve pazarlama faaliyetleri ve tasar\u0131m alan\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc geli\u015ftirilecek destekleyici ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici politikalar ile anlaml\u0131 bir kalk\u0131nma g\u00fcndemi olu\u015fturacak, kentin yarat\u0131c\u0131 ekosistem akt\u00f6rleri ile payla\u015f\u0131lacak bu g\u00fcndem uygulamaya ge\u00e7irildik\u00e7e \u0130zmir ekonomisi i\u00e7inde yarat\u0131c\u0131 end\u00fcstrilerinin pay\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve \u0130zmir ekonomisinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.
<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong> 
 <\/p>\n\n\n\n