{"id":610,"date":"2021-03-11T08:48:36","date_gmt":"2021-03-11T08:48:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=610"},"modified":"2021-03-11T08:48:38","modified_gmt":"2021-03-11T08:48:38","slug":"kentsel-tarim-ve-yenilikci-uygulamalar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/03\/11\/kentsel-tarim-ve-yenilikci-uygulamalar\/","title":{"rendered":"Kentsel Tar\u0131m ve Yenilik\u00e7i Uygulamalar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sinem \u00d6ZDEM\u0130R DURMU\u015eLAR<\/strong><\/strong>
Uzman
Yenilik ve Giri\u015fimcilik Politikalar\u0131 Birimi<\/em><\/em><\/em>
sinem.durmusla<\/a><\/em>r<\/em><\/a>@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar tarih boyunca en temel ya\u015famsal ihtiya\u00e7lardan biri olan g\u0131daya ula\u015fma gayesiyle ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir. Tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte toplay\u0131c\u0131 ve avc\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayattan yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f, ilk kentler kurulmu\u015f,  sanayi devrimiyle birlikte ise kentle\u015fme s\u00fcreci h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yenig\u00fcl, 2016). Kentler end\u00fcstriyel ve ticari kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar olarak \u015fekillenirken, tar\u0131msal faaliyetler k\u0131rsal alanda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclerek kentlerin g\u0131da ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  Kent n\u00fcfusundaki h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya genelinde kentlerde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131rsalda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (O’Sullivan ve di\u011ferleri, 2019).  2018 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle ise d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun %55\u2019i kentlerde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r ve 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran\u0131n %70\u2019e ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u0131rdan kente ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu h\u0131zl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7, kentlerin tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi alanlar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015flemesini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Kent i\u00e7erisinde ve \u00e7eperlerinde kalan tar\u0131msal alanlarda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen, \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u015fleme ve pazarlama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini kapsayan tar\u0131msal faaliyetler \u201ckentsel tar\u0131m\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Orsini ve di\u011ferleri, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentle\u015fme oran\u0131 y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e, n\u00fcfus yo\u011fun b\u00f6lgelerin g\u0131da ihtiyac\u0131 tar\u0131msal araziler \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. FAO\u2019nun 146 \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde kentlerde ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusun %50\u2019sinin, k\u0131rsalda ya\u015fan n\u00fcfusun ise %43\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesinden mahrum oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir(World Bank ve FAO, 2017). Bu noktada kentsel tar\u0131m \u015fehirlerde taze ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlere eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayarak yerel g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesini sa\u011flayan bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim Kovid-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 ve tedbirler kapsam\u0131nda uygulanan k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerin global krizler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle de g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesinin \u00f6nemini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u015eehirlerde ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n kendi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini \u00fcretmesi, i\u015flemesi ve satmas\u0131, g\u0131da tedarik zincirini k\u0131saltmakta, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fe katk\u0131 sa\u011flamakta ve \u015fehirlerin krizler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda direncini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.  Kentsel tar\u0131m yoluyla \u00fcretimin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n talebin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelere kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, g\u0131da tedarik zincirinden kaynaklanan sera gaz\u0131 emisyonunu ve mevcut tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 azaltmakta, daha k\u0131sa olan nakliye s\u00fcreci sayesinde daha taze ve besleyici nitelikte g\u0131da eri\u015fim sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r(Kennard ve Bamford, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentsel tar\u0131m k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7iftlikler, hobi bah\u00e7eleri, \u00e7at\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131 \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131nda serac\u0131l\u0131k, hidroponik ve akuaponik \u00fcretimler ve kapal\u0131 alan \u00fcretimi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli metodlarda, topluluk destekli tar\u0131m gibi sosyal yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir.  Enerji ve malzeme gereksinimine g\u00f6re kentsel tar\u0131m \u015fekil-1\u2019de g\u00f6sterilen d\u00f6rt temel grupta toplanmaktad\u0131r. Toprak temelli kontrols\u00fcz ortam tar\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlukla kent \u00e7eperlerindeki alanlarda geleneksel y\u00f6ntemlerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, enerji t\u00fcketimi ve verimlili\u011fin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerdir. Toprak temelli kontroll\u00fc ortam tar\u0131m\u0131, yeti\u015ftirme ortam\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde modifiye edildi\u011fi, enerji t\u00fcketimi ve verimlili\u011fin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu serac\u0131l\u0131k ve bah\u00e7e bitkileri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi gibi \u00fcretimleri kapsar. Yap\u0131 entegre kontrols\u00fcz tar\u0131m, \u00e7at\u0131 bah\u00e7eleri, balkon bah\u00e7eleri gibi yap\u0131lardaki \u00fcretimleri i\u00e7ermekte olup ticari ya da bireysel ama\u00e7larla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Yap\u0131 entegre kontroll\u00fc tar\u0131m ise \u00e7at\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fc seralardan ya da tamamen kapal\u0131 alanlarda yapay ayd\u0131nlatma ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r(O’Sullivan ve di\u011ferleri, 2019).  Genel olarak kontroll\u00fc ortam tar\u0131m\u0131nda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyetleri, enerji t\u00fcketimi, kaynak ve \u00fcr\u00fcn verimlili\u011fi y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil:1 Enerji ve malzeme gereksinimine g\u00f6re kentsel tar\u0131m t\u00fcrleri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kentsel tar\u0131mda arazinin pahal\u0131 ve k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmas\u0131, toprak veriminin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7evresel sorunlar nedeniyle geleneksel yeti\u015ftirme tekniklerinin yan\u0131nda farkl\u0131 uygulamalar tercih edilmektedir. Son y\u0131llarda kentsel tar\u0131ma y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7evre kontroll\u00fc \u00e7iftliklere odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7evre kontroll\u00fc \u00e7iftlikler ile \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7at\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fc seralarda ya da tamamen bina i\u00e7erisindeki kapal\u0131 alanlarda, yapay olarak ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lan bitki fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00fcretim yap\u0131labilmektedir.\u00a0 Hidroponik yada aeroponik sistemleri temel alan tamamen kapal\u0131 bitki fabrikalar\u0131, teknoloji d\u00fczeyi en y\u00fcksek olan kentsel \u00e7iftliklerdir. Farkl\u0131 tasar\u0131mlarla kurulan bu \u00e7iftliklerin ortak noktalar\u0131, bitkilerin tamamen kapal\u0131 alanlarda g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 olmadan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerjili led ayd\u0131nlatmayla yeti\u015ftirilmesidir. Enerji t\u00fcketimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, fotosentez i\u00e7in yeterli yo\u011funluk ve spektral kalite sa\u011flayan led \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi bu tarz i\u015fletmelerin ticari s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi i\u00e7in bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur(O’Sullivan ve di\u011ferleri, 2019)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 2: \u00c7evre kontroll\u00fc dikey tar\u0131m \u00e7iftli\u011fi- AeroFarms (O’Sullivan ve di\u011ferleri, 2019)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7evre kontroll\u00fc tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde \u00fcr\u00fcnler a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 iklim olaylar\u0131ndan etkilenmeden ve mevsimsellikten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak t\u00fcm y\u0131l boyunca \u00fcretilebilmektedir. Topraks\u0131z \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda hastal\u0131k ve yabani ot sorunu ya\u015fanmamakta, pestisit gibi tar\u0131msal kimyasallar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 bulunmamakta, hidroponik ve aeroponik sistemler ve \u00e7evre kontrol\u00fc sayesinde su ihtiyac\u0131 %95\u2019e varan oranlarda azalmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu sistemlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck dezavantaj\u0131 y\u00fcksek yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti ve enerji t\u00fcketimidir. Yine de Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve teknolojik geli\u015fmelerle birlikte bu kapsamda \u00f6nemli ilerlemeler sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle kentlerdeki geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm suyu, organik at\u0131k ve \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bu sistemlerde de\u011ferlendirilmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hem d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi hem de girdi maliyetinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan potansiyel ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7evre kontroll\u00fc tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin temel bile\u015fenlerinden olan hidroponik sistemler seralar, \u00e7at\u0131 bah\u00e7eleri, evlerin balkonlar\u0131 gibi di\u011fer tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimlerde de kullan\u0131labilmekte ve su t\u00fcketimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli avantajlar sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Hidroponik sistemlerde \u00fcretim besin \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi kullan\u0131larak topraks\u0131z olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmekte, toprak yerine ta\u015f y\u00fcn\u00fc, hindistan cevizi lifi gibi destekleyici malzemeler kullan\u0131labilmektedir(Skar ve di\u011ferleri, 2020). Hidroponik sistemin bir di\u011fer t\u00fcr\u00fc olan akuaponik sistemlerde, hidroponik sisteme aktar\u0131lan su bal\u0131klar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi havuzdan sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.  Bal\u0131klar\u0131n at\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan azotlu bile\u015fikler bitkiler i\u00e7in g\u00fcbre olarak kullan\u0131larak sudan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmakta ve bal\u0131klar i\u00e7in temiz bir ortam sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r(Karada\u011f ve di\u011ferleri, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 3: Akuaponik Sistem(Goddek ve di\u011ferleri, 2019)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kentsel tar\u0131m ve k\u0131rsal tar\u0131m aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok keskin bir ayr\u0131m bulunmamaktad\u0131r. K\u0131rsal alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen geleneksel tar\u0131m faaliyetleri kentsel tar\u0131mda da yer almaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kentsel tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan teknolojilerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131rsal alanda kullan\u0131lma potansiyeli bulunmaktad\u0131r ancak g\u0131da tedarik zincirinin k\u0131salmas\u0131, krizler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fehirlerin diren\u00e7 kazanabilmesi ve di\u011fer kazan\u0131mlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7evre kontroll\u00fc tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7ok \u015fehirlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Ar-Ge ve yenilik faaliyetlerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmazd\u0131r. \u0130zmir\u2019de de hem \u00e7evre kontroll\u00fc tar\u0131m, hem de geleneksel tar\u0131m\u0131n dijitalle\u015fmesine y\u00f6nelik faaliyet g\u00f6steren firmalar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 umut vericidir. \u00d6zellikle \u00fclkemizde ya\u015fanan su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0130zmir\u2019de \u00e7ok daha \u015fiddetli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bu kapsamda yeni teknolojilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n son derece \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • O’Sulliva, C.A., Bonnett, G.D.,  McIntyre, C.L., Hochman, Z., Wasson, A.P.(2019), Strategies to improve the productivity, product diversity and profitability of urban agriculture, Agricultural Systems 174: 133\u2013144 <\/li>
  • Kennard, N., Bamford, R., (2020). Urban Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Development. 10.1007\/978-3-319-69626-3_102-1.<\/li>
  • Karada\u011f, \u015e., Kas\u0131m, M. U., Kas\u0131m, R., (2020), Kapal\u0131 Bitkisel \u00dcretim Sistemleri, UAZ\u0130MDER Uluslararas\u0131 Anadolu Ziraat M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(4):30-38<\/li>
  • Skar, S. L. G., Pineda-Martos, R., Timpe A., P\u00f6lling B., Bohn K., K\u00fclvik, M., Delgado, C., Pedras, C. M.G., Pa\u00e7o, T. A., \u0106uji\u0107, M., Tzortzakis, N., Chrysargyris, A., Peticila A., Alencikiene G., Monsees, H., Junge, R. (2020), Urban agriculture as a keystone contribution towards securing sustainable and healthy development for cities in the future, Blue-Green Systems, 2 (1): 1\u201327.<\/li>
  • Yenig\u00fcl, S.B, (2016), B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehirlerde Tar\u0131msal Alanlar\u0131n Korunmas\u0131nda Kentsel Tar\u0131m ve Yerel Y\u00f6netimlerin Rol\u00fc, Megaron: 11(2):291-299<\/li>
  • Orsini, F., Kahane, R., Nono-Womdim, R. et al. (2013),Urban agriculture in the developing world: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 33, 695\u2013720<\/li>
  • Goddek, S., Joyce, A., Kotzen, B., Burnell, G. M., (2019), Aquaponics Food Production Systems, ISBN 978-3-030-15943-6 (eBook)<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Kent i\u00e7erisinde kalan tar\u0131msal alanlarda ve kent \u00e7eperlerinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen, \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u015fleme ve pazarlama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini de kapsayan tar\u0131msal faaliyetler \u201ckentsel tar\u0131m\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kentsel tar\u0131m g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan \u015fehirlerde taze ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlere eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayarak yerel g\u0131da g\u00fcvencesini sa\u011flayan bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":614,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[187,188,186],"class_list":["post-610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yenilik-girisimcilik","tag-cevre-kontrollu-tarim","tag-gida-guvencesi","tag-kentsel-tarim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=610"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":615,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/610\/revisions\/615"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}