{"id":437,"date":"2021-01-27T09:24:34","date_gmt":"2021-01-27T09:24:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=437"},"modified":"2021-01-27T10:02:07","modified_gmt":"2021-01-27T10:02:07","slug":"kuresel-rekabet-endeksi-ve-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/01\/27\/kuresel-rekabet-endeksi-ve-turkiye\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel Rekabet Endeksi ve T\u00fcrkiye"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Ar\u0131n H\u00dcNLER<\/strong>
Uzman<\/em>
Yenilik ve Giri\u015fimcilik Politikalar\u0131 Birimi<\/em>
arin.hunler@izka.org.tr<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Rekabet, gerek mikro gerek makro seviyede piyasa ekonomisinin en kritik ve dinamik bile\u015fenlerinden biridir. Serbest rekabetin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ekonomik yap\u0131n\u0131n piyasa ekonomisine tam anlam\u0131yla adapte olabilece\u011fi, gelir d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltebilece\u011fi ve kaynaklar\u0131n etkin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletler bir yandan \u00fclke i\u00e7inde serbest rekabet \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenirken bir yandan da kendi ekonomik ve sosyal gelir d\u00fczeylerini artt\u0131rmak \u00fczere, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 piyasada rekabet etmektedir. Bu rekabet ortam\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak k\u00fcreselle\u015fme, t\u00fcm akt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in serbest piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ekonomik tehdit ve f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Mal, hizmet, sermaye ve bilgi transferinin ve hareketlili\u011finin olduk\u00e7a kolayla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fcresel sistemde firmalar\u0131n ve \u00fclkelerin rekabet g\u00fc\u00e7lerini art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
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Firma d\u00fczeyinde rekabet\u00e7ili\u011fi geli\u015ftirmek ve k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde rekabet edebilir hale gelebilmek \u00fcr\u00fcn kalitesi, fiyat politikas\u0131, sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn durumu, yenilik ve ar-ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda yap\u0131lacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir. \u00dclke ekonomileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da, uluslararas\u0131 rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en temel belirleyicisinin firmalar\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir1<\/sup>. Ancak bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uluslararas\u0131 rekabet ko\u015fullar\u0131, makroekonomik istikrar, altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, teknolojik geli\u015fmeler ve piyasa etkinli\u011fi gibi konular da uluslararas\u0131 rekabet\u00e7ilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca son d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00fclkelerin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen fakt\u00f6rler aras\u0131na s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin bile\u015fenleri olarak sa\u011fl\u0131k, be\u015feri sermaye ile \u00e7evresel ve sosyal konular da dahil edilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Firma baz\u0131nda \u00f6zel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla hesaplanan rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc hem ulusal hem b\u00f6lgesel bazda, T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7inse iller baz\u0131nda farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler ve de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda devletlerin rekabet g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak ele alan k\u00fcresel rekabet endeksi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu (World Economic Forum) ve Uluslararas\u0131 Y\u00f6netim Geli\u015ftirme Merkezi (International Institute for Management Development- IMD) taraf\u0131ndan, b\u00f6lge baz\u0131nda inceleme yapan b\u00f6lgesel rekabet endeksi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Avrupa Birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan, iller aras\u0131 rekabet endeksi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ba\u015fta \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi ve T\u00dcRKONFED olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu endeksleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu taraf\u0131ndan hayata ge\u00e7irilen K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu ve bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 endeks geni\u015f bir veri setinden yararlanmas\u0131, bilimsel olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f metodolojisi ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclkeyi kapsamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu, 1979 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu (Global Competitiveness Report) ad\u0131 ile yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlarda, endekse dahil edilen \u00fclkelerin k\u00fcresel rekabet g\u00fc\u00e7lerini \u00e7ok say\u0131da kriter a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirmekte, \u00fclkelerin rekabet\u00e7ili\u011fe etki eden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zay\u0131f y\u00f6nlerini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 analiz etmekte, kapsaml\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli geli\u015ftirilen bir metodoloji ile \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda s\u0131ralama yapmaktad\u0131r. Rapor kapsam\u0131nda 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya GSYH toplam\u0131n\u0131n %99\u2019unu olu\u015fturan 141 \u00fclke incelemeye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rapor \u00fclkeler ve uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerce yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da verinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 bin firmaya uygulanan anket sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da kullanmaktad\u0131r3<\/sup>.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda metodolojisinde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe giderek g\u00fcncel ekonomik yap\u0131ya daha uyumlu hale getirilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re \u201cK\u00fcresel Rekabet Endeksi 4.0\u201d ad\u0131 verilen yeni endeks y\u00f6ntemi ile k\u00fcresel ekonomi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir a\u015fama olan End\u00fcstri 4.0 d\u00f6neminin \u00f6zelliklerini de kriterlerine dahil etmi\u015f ve de\u011ferlendirmeye alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan rapor incelendi\u011finde, endeksin d\u00f6rt alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta bir araya geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Etkinle\u015ftirici \u00e7evre, be\u015feri sermaye, piyasalar ve yenilik ekosistemi olarak ayr\u0131lan d\u00f6rt alt endeks, kendi b\u00fcnyelerinde toplam 12 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131klar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirme neticesinde \u00fclkeler alt kriterler baz\u0131nda puanlamaya tabi tutulmakta ve farkl\u0131 kategorilerde s\u0131ralamalar\u0131na yer verilmektedir. Bu kriterler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde 0 ila 100 puan aras\u0131nda bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmakta ve 12 alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortalamas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fclke s\u0131ralamalar\u0131 hesaplanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 1. K\u00fcresel Rekabet Endeksi De\u011ferlendirmesine \u0130li\u015fkin Ba\u015fl\u0131k ve Alt Ba\u015fl\u0131klar4<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
2019 y\u0131l\u0131na ili\u015fkin raporda, k\u00fcresel ekonominin ba\u015fat akt\u00f6rlerinin ilk s\u0131ralarda yer ald\u0131klar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ekonomik ve sosyal geli\u015fmi\u015flik seviyesine paralel olarak \u00fclkelerin listede s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re ilk \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131rada Singapur, ABD ve Hong Kong yer al\u0131rken, onlar\u0131 Hollanda, \u0130svi\u00e7re, Japonya ve Almanya takip etmektedir. G20 \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda ise en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131rada Arjantin (83.) bulunmaktad\u0131r5<\/sup>. T\u00fcrkiye ise 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda da 61. s\u0131radad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2019 y\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu incelendi\u011finde, dikkat \u00e7eken hususlardan biri de k\u00fcresel e\u015fitsizliklerin temel bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak, listede yer alan 141 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda en sonda yer alan 30 \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Sahra Alt\u0131 Afrika b\u00f6lgesinden, ilk 30 s\u0131rada yer alan \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ise Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa ve Asya \u00fclkelerinden olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.
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Rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131, firma ve ulusal d\u00fczeyde rekabet \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in inovasyon \u00f6nemli bir kriter olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkelerin y\u00fcksek inovasyon kabiliyetine ve teknolojiye sahip olmalar\u0131 firmalar\u0131n ve ekonomilerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir ekonomik kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcrecine girmesini sa\u011flamakta ve rekabet g\u00fc\u00e7lerini art\u0131rmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle inovasyon ve rekabetin birbirinden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Nitekim D\u00fcnya Fikri Haklar \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WIPO) taraf\u0131ndan her y\u0131l haz\u0131rlanan ve \u00fclkelerin inovasyon yetkinliklerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc K\u00fcresel \u0130novasyon Endeksi (KE\u0130) ile D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu\u2019nda yer alan \u00fclke s\u0131ralamalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda paralellikler net bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re K\u00fcresel Rekabet Endeksi\u2019nde ilk 10 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yer alan \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131 K\u00fcresel \u0130novasyon Endeksi\u2019nin ilk 15 \u00fclke s\u0131ralamas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer almaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda hem K\u00fcresel Rekabet Endeksi\u2019nde yer alan ilk 10 \u00fclkenin son iki y\u0131ll\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 hem de K\u00fcresel \u0130novasyon Endeksi ile bu \u00fclkelerin s\u0131ralamalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki paralellikler g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u015eekil 2. K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu ve K\u00fcresel \u0130novasyon Endeksi Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u01316<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu, endeks kapsam\u0131nda s\u0131ralama olu\u015fturman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra elde edilen verilerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak d\u00fcnya genelinde rekabet\u00e7ili\u011fin durumuna ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmeleri de i\u00e7ermektedir. Buna g\u00f6re raporda her \u00fclkenin e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak rekabet\u00e7ili\u011fe eri\u015fmesinde bir engel bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak az geli\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomilerin k\u0131r\u0131lgan ekonomik temellerinin onlar\u0131 \u015foklara kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131z hale getirdi\u011fi, k\u00fcresel ekonominin 2008 krizinin etkilerini yeni yeni ortadan kald\u0131rabildi\u011fi ve yeni bir yava\u015flamaya haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rman\u0131n politika yap\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev oldu\u011fu, ekonomik olarak duraklam\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, teknoloji ve be\u015feri sermaye aras\u0131ndaki dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n kritik \u00f6neme sahip oldu\u011fu ve yenilik kapasitesini geli\u015ftiren ekonomilerin k\u00fcresel yava\u015flamalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha avantajl\u0131 olacaklar\u0131 ifade edilmektedir7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu\u2019nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Durumu<\/strong>
K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu kapsam\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan endekste T\u00fcrkiye 141 \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde 61. s\u0131radad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u00f6z konusu endekse g\u00f6re son 10 y\u0131ldaki seyrine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerde genel s\u0131ralamada ilerlemeler kaydetmekle birlikte 2009 ve 2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirme neticesinde 0,5 puanl\u0131k art\u0131\u015fla 61. s\u0131radaki yerini halen devam ettirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 2008 krizi sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 toparlanma evresinde ekonomik olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi rekabet edebilirlik endeksine de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda 42. s\u0131raya kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Ancak 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 ile birlikte tekrar s\u0131ralamada gerilemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u015eekil 3. Y\u0131llar \u0130tibariyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin K\u00fcresel Rekabet Endeksi S\u0131ralamas\u0131ndaki Yeri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Raporda yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler 4 ana ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda 12 farkl\u0131 kriter \u00fczerinden incelenmekte ve puanlanmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, alt kriterler baz\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye makroekonomik ortam ve \u00fcr\u00fcn piyasas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u00f6t\u00fcleme g\u00f6stermi\u015f, di\u011fer alt bile\u015fenlerin tamam\u0131nda ilerleme kaydetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rapora g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye kamu performans\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m altyap\u0131s\u0131, be\u015feri sermaye ve yetkinlikler gibi konularda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 d\u00fczeyde de olsa ilerleme kaydetmi\u015ftir. Raporda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu kriter pazar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Alt bile\u015fenlerde 40\u2019l\u0131 s\u0131ralara kadar y\u00fckselebilen T\u00fcrkiye pazar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt bile\u015feninde 13. s\u0131radad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra makroekonomik istikrar kriterinde ise 141 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 129. olarak zay\u0131f bir performans g\u00f6stermektedir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 endeks de\u011ferlerinin hem y\u00fcksek-orta seviye gelir grubu ortalamas\u0131 hem de Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika \u00fclkeleri ortalamas\u0131 ile olan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve alt bile\u015fenler baz\u0131nda s\u0131ralamalar\u0131 verilmektedir. Tablodan da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi 12 kriterin 11\u2019inde T\u00fcrkiye Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u015eekil 4. K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Puanlar\u0131 ve S\u0131ralamalar\u01318<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
1979 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana haz\u0131rlanmakta olan K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu, \u00fclke s\u0131ralamas\u0131ndan ibaret bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olmaktan \u00f6te, endeksi olu\u015fturan alt ba\u015fl\u0131klardaki puanlar\u0131n ve s\u0131ralamalar\u0131n ilgili \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmesini, hangi alanda yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda endeks s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir ilerleme kaydedilebilece\u011fini, rakip \u00fclkelerin hangi alanlarda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde inceleme f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunan bir dok\u00fcmand\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde rapor i\u00e7eri\u011finin de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve geli\u015fmeye a\u00e7\u0131k alanlar\u0131n desteklenmesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Rapor d\u00fcnya genelinde rekabet\u00e7i \u00fclkelerin s\u0131ralamalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olmakla birlikte bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00f6lgesel ve tematik alanlarda da ayr\u0131 analizler sunarak \u00fclkelerin kendi durumunu bu alanlarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na da imkan tan\u0131maktad\u0131r.
T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde de, K\u00fcresel Rekabet Raporu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zay\u0131f yanlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya konmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu, ba\u015fta makroekonomik istikrar olmak \u00fczere negatif anlamda ayr\u0131\u015fan ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na imkan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnya genelinde oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in de inovasyonun \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi, di\u011fer \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc alanlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclerek yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n bu konulara odaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 https:\/\/ref.sabanciuniv.edu\/tr\/content\/d%C3%BCnya-rekabet-forumu-k%C3%BCresel-rekabet-raporu-2019-0<\/a>
\u2022 https:\/\/www.tisk.org.tr\/yayin\/46476_dunya-ekonomik-forumu-kuresel-rekabetcilik-raporu-2019.pdf<\/a>
\u2022 K\u0131rankabes, M. C., \u201cK\u00fcresel Rekabet G\u00fcc\u00fc Boyutunda AB \u00dclkeleri ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Analizi\u201d, Dumlup\u0131nar \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16, Aral\u0131k, 2016, s.231-254.
\u2022 Porter, M. E., \u201cThe Competitive Advantage of Nations\u201d, Harvard Business Review, 2, 1990, s.72-91.
\u2022 T\u00dcRKONFED Ekonomi ve D\u0131\u015f Politika Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u00e7in Bir Rekabet Endeksi, \u0130stanbul, 2016.
\u2022 World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2018, 2018. http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/GCR2018\/05FullReport\/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2018.pdf<\/a>
\u2022 World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2019, 2019.
\u2022http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf<\/a>
\u2022 World Intellectual Property Organization, Global Innovation Index 2019, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
1<\/sup> Michael E. Porter, \u201cThe Competitive Advantage of Nations\u201d, Harvard Business Review<\/strong>, 2, 1990, s.78. Mustafa Cem KIRANKABES, \u201cK\u00fcresel Rekabet G\u00fcc\u00fc Boyutunda AB \u00dclkeleri ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Analizi\u201d, Dumlup\u0131nar \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi<\/strong>, S.16, Aral\u0131k, 2016, s.236.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2<\/sup> T\u00dcRKONFED Ekonomi ve D\u0131\u015f Politika Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u00e7in Bir Rekabet Endeksi<\/strong>, \u0130stanbul, 2016, s.5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3 <\/sup>World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2019<\/strong>, 2019,  s.3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4<\/sup> World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2019<\/strong>, 2019,  s.2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5<\/sup> https:\/\/ref.sabanciuniv.edu\/tr\/content\/d%C3%BCnya-rekabet-forumu-k%C3%BCresel-rekabet-raporu-2019-0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
6<\/sup> World Intellectual Property Organization, Global Innovation Index 2019, 2019. World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2019<\/strong>, 2019. World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2018<\/strong>, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
7 <\/sup>https:\/\/ref.sabanciuniv.edu\/tr\/content\/d%C3%BCnya-rekabet-forumu-k%C3%BCresel-rekabet-raporu-2019-0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
8<\/sup> https:\/\/www.tisk.org.tr\/yayin\/46476_dunya-ekonomik-forumu-kuresel-rekabetcilik-raporu-2019.pdf<\/a>,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Rekabet, gerek mikro gerek makro seviyede piyasa ekonomisinin en kritik ve dinamik bile\u015fenlerinden biridir. Serbest rekabetin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ekonomik yap\u0131n\u0131n piyasa ekonomisine tam anlam\u0131yla adapte olabilece\u011fi, gelir d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltebilece\u011fi ve kaynaklar\u0131n etkin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":451,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[132,130,131],"class_list":["post-437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yenilik-girisimcilik","tag-dunya-ekonomik-forumu","tag-kuresel-rekabet","tag-yenilikcilik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=437"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":454,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/437\/revisions\/454"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=437"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=437"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=437"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}