{"id":304,"date":"2020-08-06T12:20:43","date_gmt":"2020-08-06T12:20:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=304"},"modified":"2020-08-06T12:21:41","modified_gmt":"2020-08-06T12:21:41","slug":"turkiyede-sanayi-sektorunde-su-kullanimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2020\/08\/06\/turkiyede-sanayi-sektorunde-su-kullanimi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sanayi Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Su Kullan\u0131m\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00d6zgen K\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcK\u0130L
\n<\/strong>Uzman
\nYe\u015fil B\u00fcy\u00fcme Politikalar\u0131 Birimi
\n<\/em>ozgen.kucukil@izka.org.tr<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak verimlili\u011fi, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7evre Program\u0131\n(UNEP) taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olarak i\u015flenmesi ve\nt\u00fcketilmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan olumsuz \u00e7evresel\netkilerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla do\u011fal\nkaynaklar\u0131n t\u00fcketimi incelendi\u011finde, mevcut su miktar\u0131 ile \u00fcretimde ve evsel\nkullan\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan su miktar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki oran\u0131n giderek artt\u0131\u011f\u0131\ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu nedenle pek \u00e7ok sekt\u00f6r ve b\u00f6lge a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ortak bir problem\nolan \u201csu t\u00fcketimi\u201d bile\u015fenine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sekt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re su kullan\u0131m\u0131 incelendi\u011finde,\nsu t\u00fcketiminin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn tar\u0131m oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Tar\u0131msal\nfaaliyetler s\u0131ras\u0131nda su t\u00fcketimi yo\u011fun, kimyasal girdisi y\u00fcksek, b\u00f6lgenin\nekosistemine uygunlu\u011fu olmayan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yeti\u015ftirilmesi kullan\u0131lan su\nmiktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. T\u00fcketimi en \u00e7ok etkileyen bir di\u011fer fakt\u00f6r\nise yanl\u0131\u015f sulama uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda sekt\u00f6rlere\ng\u00f6re su kullan\u0131m oranlar\u0131n\u0131n senelere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fimi verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tablo 1: Sekt\u00f6rlere G\u00f6re Su Kullan\u0131m Oranlar\u0131 (DS\u0130 ve T\u00dc\u0130K) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sulama oranlar\u0131 i\u00e7in DS\u0130, di\u011fer oranlar i\u00e7in T\u00dc\u0130K\nverilerinden hareketle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle \u00e7ekilen suyun %71,4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn\ntar\u0131msal sulamada, %18,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn sanayide kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, %10,2\u2019sinin i\u00e7me ve\nkullanma suyu olarak t\u00fcketildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Tar\u0131msal sulamadan sonra suyun\nen \u00e7ok sanayide kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tablodan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayide kullan\u0131lan suyun tespitine ve kullan\u0131m oranlar\u0131n\u0131n\nazalt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir\u00e7ok proje yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan biri 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda\nalt\u0131 AB \u00fclkesinde kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u015f birli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131lan \u201c\u00dcretimde\nKaynak Verimlili\u011fi ve Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm (REMake)\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile\nimalat sanayi i\u015fletmelerinin maliyetlerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n hammadde, bunun\nda yakla\u015f\u0131k %50\u2019sinin enerji ve su maliyetleri oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir [1]. Mevcut\niklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, su tasarrufunun \u00fczerinde\ndurulmas\u0131 gereken bir konu oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir di\u011fer proje ise, UNIDO (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler S\u0131nai\nKalk\u0131nma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ve TTGV (T\u00fcrkiye Teknoloji\nGeli\u015ftirme Vakf\u0131) ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine Uyum\nKapasitesinin Geli\u015ftirilmesi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ortak Program\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.\nProgram Haziran 2008\u2019de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olup program ile sanayide temiz \u00fcretim ve\neko-verimlilik konular\u0131ndaki kapasitenin geli\u015ftirilmesi, Seyhan Havzas\u0131\u2019nda\n(Adana, Ni\u011fde, Kayseri) pilot uygulamalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ulusal bazda bu\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015ftir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin sanayi\nsekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyecek en \u00f6nemli etkisinin \u201ckullan\u0131labilir su miktar\u0131n\u0131n\nazalmas\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olup bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla program\u0131n ana hedefi\n\u00fcretimde su t\u00fcketiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir [2]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Program kapsam\u0131nda, belirlenen sekt\u00f6rlerden 6 adet firma\nse\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve temiz \u00fcretim yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile suyun tasarrufuna y\u00f6nelik \u00e7e\u015fitli\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. So\u011futma proseslerinde su tasarrufuna y\u00f6nelik hayata\nge\u00e7irilen uygulamalar ile \u00fcretimin bu a\u015famas\u0131nda su t\u00fcketimi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Su so\u011futmal\u0131 pompalar yerine uygulanan hava so\u011futmal\u0131 pompalar\nile ilgili proseslerde su t\u00fcketimi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Su geri kazan\u0131m sistemleri kurularak\nat\u0131k su miktarlar\u0131 azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonras\u0131nda se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olan bu 6\nfirmada toplamda 784.550 m3\/y\u0131l (%22) su tasarrufu sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2018 y\u0131l\u0131na ait T\u00dc\u0130K verileri incelendi\u011finde, sanayi\nsekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 2,9 milyar m3 suyun \u00e7ekildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Verilere g\u00f6re suyun\n\u00e7ekildi\u011fi yerlere y\u00f6nelik a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r [3]:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tablo 2: \u00c7ekilen Su Oranlar\u0131 (T\u00dc\u0130K) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Suyun kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik OSB\u2019ler (organize sanayi b\u00f6lgeleri) incelendi\u011finde, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda 185 milyon m3 suyun \u00e7ekildi\u011fi ve bunun %44,9\u2019unun kuyulardan elde edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Suyun de\u015farj oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 verilere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de faal olan 223 OSB\u2019nin 104\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn at\u0131k su ar\u0131tma hizmeti verdi\u011fi, OSB\u2019lerden toplamda 268 milyon m3 at\u0131k suyun olu\u015ftu\u011fu ve prosesten \u00e7\u0131kan bu suyun 252 milyon m3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn OSB b\u00fcnyesinde bulunan ar\u0131tma tesislerinde ar\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra de\u015farj edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. OSB’ler taraf\u0131ndan de\u015farj edilen at\u0131k suyun \u00e7ekilen sudan daha fazla olmas\u0131, suyunu kendi imkanlar\u0131 ile temin eden i\u015fyerlerinin at\u0131k sular\u0131n\u0131 OSB kanalizasyon \u015febekesine de\u015farj etmelerinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Detayl\u0131 oranlar i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablolar incelenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tablo 3: Suyun Ar\u0131t\u0131lma Durumu <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Tablo 4: De\u015farj Edilen Su Oranlar\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik Tablolar <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Suyun sanayide kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar incelendi\u011finde,\n\u00fclke genelinde g\u0131da, tekstil ve kimyasal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin imalat\u0131nda; \u0130zmir\u2019de ise\ng\u0131da ve tekstil alanlar\u0131nda en \u00e7ok sarf edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Suyla ilgili\nveriler incelendi\u011finde, \u00fclkemizde end\u00fcstriyel su y\u00f6netiminin yeterince ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131\nolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve suyun sanayide verimli bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya\n\u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck sebebi ise, kullan\u0131lan kuyu suyunun maliyet kalemi\nolarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi ve bilin\u00e7siz bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yeralt\u0131 suyu\nseviyesinde ya\u015fanan kritik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler nedeniyle su kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nlemlerin\nal\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kapsamda sanayide su kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik al\u0131nabilecek\ntedbirlerin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022Ya\u011fmur suyunun toplanmas\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022At\u0131k su geri kazan\u0131m\u0131, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022Kuru proseslerin tercih edilmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022Kimyasal kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022Y\u0131kama, durulama i\u015flemlerinin optimizasyonu,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022So\u011futmada, kapal\u0131 \u00e7evrim sistemlerin ve so\u011futma kulelerinin\nkullan\u0131lmas\u0131, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022Is\u0131tmada, buhar sistemlerinin iyile\u015ftirilmesi, buhar geri\nkazan\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, \u00fcretimde ba\u015fta su olmak\n\u00fczere, kaynak ve hammadde t\u00fcketiminin ve at\u0131k, at\u0131k su ve emisyonun\nazalt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik iyile\u015ftirmelerdir. Bu \u015fekilde tasarrufa y\u00f6nelik tedbirler\nile sistemde daha az maddenin (su, hammadde, vb.) hareketi sa\u011flanarak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc\naktarma, \u0131s\u0131tma veya so\u011futma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan enerjide azalma ya\u015fanacakt\u0131r. Daha\naz at\u0131k suyun ar\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekece\u011finden, ar\u0131tmada kullan\u0131lan enerji t\u00fcketimi de\nazalacakt\u0131r. At\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 azalaca\u011f\u0131ndan at\u0131k transferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda harcanan\nenerjiden de tasarruf edilecektir [4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcne bakmak gerekirse, sanayide su kullan\u0131m\u0131 tar\u0131mda su\nkullan\u0131m\u0131na oranla daha azd\u0131r ancak kirletti\u011fi su miktar\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r. Bu\nat\u0131klar nedeniyle do\u011fal su kaynaklar\u0131 da kirlenmektedir. Sanayinin harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\ntam olarak hesaplanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in elde edilen verilerin de kesinli\u011fi\nbulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler su t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131 fazla olan ve\n\u00fcretim sonras\u0131nda su kirlili\u011fine yol a\u00e7an \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6rlerini di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden\ntedarik etmeyi tercih etmektedirler. Suyun \u00f6neminin bilincinde olarak \u00fcretimde\nsu kullan\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar azalt\u0131lmal\u0131, end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k suyun ar\u0131t\u0131larak\ntesis i\u00e7inde geri \u00e7evrimi (ayn\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel i\u015fletme i\u00e7inde tekrar kullan\u0131m\u0131)\nveya evsel at\u0131k su ar\u0131tma tesislerinden \u00e7\u0131kan at\u0131k suyun ar\u0131t\u0131larak end\u00fcstriyel\ni\u015fletmelerde kullan\u0131lmaya (so\u011futma suyu, proses suyu, kazan besleme suyu gibi)\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. OSB\u2019lerde ar\u0131t\u0131lan suyun kalitesinin, su\n\u015febekesinden al\u0131nan su kalitesine y\u00fckseltilebilmesi i\u00e7in mikro ar\u0131tma\nsistemlerine yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Suyun gelece\u011fini korumak i\u00e7in\nortak yakla\u015f\u0131mla hareket edilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir\u2019de Sanayide Su Kullan\u0131m Durumu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir\u2019de yeralt\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131ndan ve barajlardan suyun temin\nedilme oranlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015ftir. Yeralt\u0131 suyunun neredeyse\nyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7me\/kullanma suyu olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tablodan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir.\nBarajdan \u00e7ekilen sular ise a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak tar\u0131mda ve i\u00e7me\/kullanma suyu\nolarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tabloda bu bilgiye yer verilmemi\u015ftir.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tablo 5: \u0130zmir\u2019de Sanayi Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Su Kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Tablo <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir\u2019de sadece G\u00fczelhisar Baraj\u0131\u2019ndan end\u00fcstri suyu\nihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fczelhisar Baraj\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 5.285.956 m3 olan\nsu sarfiyat\u0131n\u0131n 4.915.939 m3\u2019\u00fc end\u00fcstri, 370.017 m3\u2019\u00fc i\u00e7me ve kullanma suyu\nolarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130zmir\u2019de bulunan di\u011fer baraj ve kuyular\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131msal\nsulama ve i\u00e7me\/kullanma suyu ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc su\nihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 yeralt\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r (2.878.639 m3 \/y\u0131l). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alternatifi olmayan suyun k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve temiz su\nmiktar\u0131n\u0131n her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. \u0130zmir i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k\nbir hesap yap\u0131l\u0131rsa ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k su miktar\u0131 1.316 m3 olarak verilebilir.\nBu de\u011fer de su k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131 bulunan yerler i\u00e7in verilen 1.500 m3 de\u011ferinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr [5].\nBu durum \u0130zmir\u2019de su y\u00f6netiminin \u00f6nemini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. \u0130zmir i\u00e7in temiz\nsu ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere ak\u0131lc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlara ve yeni su kaynaklar\u0131na\nacilen ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. \u0130lgili kurum ve kurulu\u015flar mevcut su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 en iyi\n\u015fekilde y\u00f6netirken, gelecek i\u00e7in alternatif su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in\ngerekli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ge\u00e7 olmadan yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. Temiz sular\u0131n evsel veya end\u00fcstriyel\nama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra olu\u015fan at\u0131k sular\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra yeniden\nkullan\u0131lmas\u0131, at\u0131k su y\u00f6netiminin olmazsa olmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeli\nve bu y\u00f6nde yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n