{"id":220,"date":"2020-05-22T12:30:13","date_gmt":"2020-05-22T12:30:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=220"},"modified":"2020-05-22T12:44:47","modified_gmt":"2020-05-22T12:44:47","slug":"turkiyede-atik-ithalati-firsat-mi-tehdit-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2020\/05\/22\/turkiyede-atik-ithalati-firsat-mi-tehdit-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de At\u0131k \u0130thalat\u0131; F\u0131rsat m\u0131, Tehdit mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Emine Bilgen EYM\u0130RL\u0130\u00a0<\/strong>
Uzman\u00a0
Ye\u015fil B\u00fcy\u00fcme Politikalar\u0131 Birimi\u00a0<\/em>
bilgen.eymirli@izka.org.tr\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At\u0131k ticareti, k\u00fcresel ticaret i\u00e7erisinde tutar olarak olmasa da anlam olarak \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmakta;  \u00f6zellikle tehlikeli at\u0131klar\u0131n ve do\u011fada uzun s\u00fcre \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeden kalan, \u00e7evresel etkileri y\u00fcksek plastik at\u0131klar\u0131n ithal edildikten sonra nas\u0131l y\u00f6netilece\u011fi konusunu g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

70\u2019li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayan at\u0131k ticaretinin temelinde,\u00a0sanayisi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin\u00a0at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0daha ekonomik yollarla bertaraf etmek istemeleri yatmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Kat\u0131 \u00e7evre mevzuatlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ile at\u0131k\u00a0toplama, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve depolama maliyetleri\u00a0artan \u00fclkeler,\u00a0bu maliyetlerden kurtulmak\u00a0i\u00e7in\u00a0at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015fmekte olan\u00a0\u00fclkelere\u00a0g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7evre koruma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n etkin\u00a0olarak uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 bu at\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0uygun bi\u00e7imde bertaraf etmedi\u011fi ve\u00a0\u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fcklerde tuttu\u011fu\u00a0bilinmektedir.\u00a0Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde at\u0131k ticaretinin yap\u0131s\u0131,\u00a0do\u011fal hammaddeye ula\u015f\u0131mda ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar sonucunda kaynak verimlili\u011fi\u00a0uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla ve\u00a0at\u0131klar\u0131n geri kazan\u0131larak hammadde olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla\u00a0birlikte\u00a0de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok ticareti yap\u0131lan at\u0131klar demir, plastik, kimyasal ve do\u011fal at\u0131klar\u00a0gibi alternatif hammadde \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan at\u0131klard\u0131r\u00a0(Sar\u0131han,\u00a02019).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2010 y\u0131l\u0131 at\u0131k ithalat verileri incelendi\u011finde \u00c7in ve ABD\u2019nin s\u0131ras\u0131yla %47 ve %24 ile en fazla at\u0131k ithal eden devletler oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda %47 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla at\u0131k ithal eden \u00fclkesi olan \u00c7in\u2019in 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda 21 at\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ithalat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamas\u0131, d\u00fcnya at\u0131k ticaretinde \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7in\u2019in at\u0131k ithalat oran\u0131 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda %19\u2019a d\u00fc\u015ferken Almanya, Hindistan ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ithalat oranlar\u0131 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fcnya at\u0131k ithalat hacminde sahip oldu\u011fu %5\u2019lik pay 2010-2018 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sabit kal\u0131rken ithal edilen at\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6zlenmektedir (\u015eekil 1). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaret \u0130statistiklerine (ITC) g\u00f6re; 2018-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, ilk s\u0131rada par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f demir hurda ve demir at\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithal etmi\u015f olup d\u00fcnya demir at\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat\u0131nda lider konumdad\u0131r. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda en fazla ithal edilen di\u011fer at\u0131k t\u00fcrleri ise; petrol ve ya\u011f at\u0131klar\u0131, ah\u015fap at\u0131klar\u0131 ve bitkisel at\u0131klar olarak s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk d\u00f6rt s\u0131rada yer alan at\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin ithalat\u0131 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ferken ka\u011f\u0131t, plastik, kau\u00e7uk, de\u011ferli metal ve cam at\u0131klar\u0131n ithalat\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tablo 1). \u00d6zellikle plastik at\u0131k ithalat\u0131nda ya\u015fanan h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedinci b\u00fcy\u00fck plastik at\u0131k ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 konumuna getirmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tablo <\/em>1<\/em>. T\u00fcrkiye’nin ithal etti\u011fi at\u0131klar<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n
At\u0131k T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong> <\/td>  At\u0131k Miktar\u0131 (ton)  <\/strong> <\/td>De\u011fi\u015fim<\/strong> <\/td><\/tr>
2018<\/strong> <\/td>2019<\/strong> <\/td><\/tr>
Demirli at\u0131klar\u0131 ve hurdalar <\/td>20.660.271 <\/td>18.856.851 <\/td>-9% <\/td><\/tr>
Petrol veya bit\u00fcml\u00fc mineral i\u00e7eren at\u0131k ya\u011flar <\/td>19.796.714 <\/td>15.210.430 <\/td>-23% <\/td><\/tr>
Ah\u015fap ve tala\u015f at\u0131klar\u0131 <\/td>2.121.326 <\/td>371.665 <\/td>-82% <\/td><\/tr>
Bitkisel malzemeler ve sebze at\u0131klar\u0131 <\/td>1.498.910 <\/td>1.257.195 <\/td>-16% <\/td><\/tr>
At\u0131k ve hurda ka\u011f\u0131t <\/td>730.600 <\/td>1.237.493 <\/td>69% <\/td><\/tr>
Plastik at\u0131klar\u0131 <\/td>436.910 <\/td>559.000 <\/td>28% <\/td><\/tr>
Kau\u00e7uk at\u0131klar\u0131 <\/td>153.747 <\/td>195.403 <\/td>27% <\/td><\/tr>
De\u011ferli metal\/mineral at\u0131klar\u0131 <\/td>136.940 <\/td>195.177 <\/td>43% <\/td><\/tr>
Tekstil at\u0131klar\u0131 <\/td>31.256 <\/td>31.933 <\/td>2% <\/td><\/tr>
Cam at\u0131klar\u0131 ve hurdalar <\/td>22.341 <\/td>57.958 <\/td>159% <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak: ITC (International <\/em>Trade<\/em> <\/em>Statistics<\/em>) veri taban\u0131 kullan\u0131larak \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k ithal edilen plastik at\u0131k miktar\u0131 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 104 bin ton iken bu de\u011fer 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 559 bin tona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019den ithal edilen at\u0131k miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (\u015eekil 2).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u015eekil <\/em>2<\/em>. T\u00fcrkiye’nin plastik at\u0131k ithal etti\u011fi \u00fclkeler (ITC, International <\/em>Trade<\/em> <\/em>Statistics<\/em> veri taban\u0131 kullan\u0131larak \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.)<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de at\u0131k ithalat\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle hammadde temininde d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011fumuz sekt\u00f6rlerin ucuz ve s\u00fcrekli hammaddeye ula\u015fmakta ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. \u0130thal edilen at\u0131klar \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda \u00fcretim kapasitesi artan ka\u011f\u0131t ve plastik sanayileri i\u00e7in ucuz ve s\u00fcrekli hammadde olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (T\u00dcDAM, 2019).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan ithal at\u0131klara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n daha kolay ve ekonomik olmas\u0131 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir engel olarak alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de at\u0131k geri kazan\u0131m oranlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde; toplanan at\u0131klar\u0131n sadece %12,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn geri kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ise depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (\u015eekil 3). 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclecek ambalajlar\u0131n belirli oranlarda yurt i\u00e7inde toplanan at\u0131klardan elde edilen ham maddelerden \u00fcretilmesi zorunlulu\u011funu getirmi\u015ftir. Ancak at\u0131klar\u0131n kaynak t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve geri kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkin bir at\u0131k y\u00f6netim sisteminin uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkemizde plastik, ka\u011f\u0131t, cam ve metal sekt\u00f6rlerinin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu kaliteli ve yeterli miktarda, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hammaddenin \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinden temin edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Bu durum \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizdeki at\u0131k ithalat\u0131n\u0131n artarak devam edece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u015eekil <\/em>3<\/em>. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplanan ve geri kazan\u0131lan at\u0131k miktar\u0131 (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2018)<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yo\u011fun sanayi \u00fcretimiyle \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en fazla at\u0131k \u00fcreten illerinden biri olup 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretilen at\u0131k miktar\u0131 1,3 milyon tona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu de\u011fer \u00fclke genelinde \u00fcretilen toplam at\u0131\u011f\u0131n %9\u2019una denk gelmektedir. \u00d6te yandan at\u0131k i\u015fleme tesislerinde de \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte, bug\u00fcn \u0130zmir\u2019de 261 at\u0131k geri kazan\u0131m ve at\u0131k i\u015fleme tesisi faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir (\u00c7\u015e\u0130M, 2019). At\u0131k i\u015fleme kapasitesinde olu\u015fan bu art\u0131\u015f at\u0131k ithalat\u0131n\u0131 \u0130zmir i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir noktaya ta\u015f\u0131makta, ithal edilen at\u0131klar geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn hammadde a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim \u0130zmir\u2019de toplanan at\u0131klar\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oran\u0131 %10 gibi olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir seviyededir. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re \u0130zmir\u2019de at\u0131k ithalat\u0131 i\u00e7in 368 ba\u015fvuru yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda toplam 184 bin ton at\u0131k ithal edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130thal edilen at\u0131\u011f\u0131n %64\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc plastik at\u0131klar, %29\u2019luk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise elektronik hurdalar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tablo <\/em>2<\/em>. \u0130zmir\u2019de <\/em>ithal edilen at\u0131klar<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n
At\u0131k T\u00fcr\u00fc <\/td>At\u0131k Miktar\u0131 (ton) <\/td><\/tr>
Plastik <\/td>117.838 <\/td><\/tr>
Cam <\/td>3.519 <\/td><\/tr>
Ka\u011f\u0131t <\/td>8.435 <\/td><\/tr>
Bask\u0131 Devre Kartlar\u0131 <\/td>54.230 <\/td><\/tr>
Toplam<\/strong> <\/td>184.022<\/strong> <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak: \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik \u0130zmir \u0130l M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 2019<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayicilere sundu\u011fu f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra at\u0131k ithalat\u0131 baz\u0131 riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir.  Bilhassa kontrol d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ithal edilen, tekni\u011fine g\u00f6re geri kazan\u0131lmayan ya da uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmayan at\u0131klar, \u00e7evre ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan tehditler olu\u015fturabilir. Yetkisiz ki\u015fi veya firmalar taraf\u0131ndan kontrols\u00fcz bi\u00e7imde ithal edilen at\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011fal ortamlara at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya vah\u015fi depolama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rneklere rastlanabilmektedir. Esasen uluslararas\u0131 at\u0131k ticaretini kontrol eden Basel S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile OECD Kararlar\u0131na taraf olan \u00fclkemizde her t\u00fcr at\u0131k ticareti izne tabi olup \u00c7evrenin Korunmas\u0131 Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Kontrol Alt\u0131nda Tutulan At\u0131klar\u0131n \u0130thalat Denetimi Tebli\u011fi ile d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol\u00fcnde sadece ge\u00e7ici faaliyet veya \u00e7evre lisans belgesi bulunan, geri kazan\u0131m tesisine sahip firmalar\u0131n at\u0131k ithalat\u0131 yapmas\u0131na izin verilmektedir. Ancak mevcut yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ve denetim mekanizmalar\u0131 tehlikeli ve ama\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131ma y\u00f6nelik at\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fclkemize giri\u015fini engelleyememektedir. At\u0131k girdi ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n takip edilmesi ve olu\u015facak risklerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in at\u0131k uygunluk standartlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenerek yasal d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7erisinde yer almas\u0131 ve lisans kriterlerinin firmalar\u0131n kapasiteleri kadar ithalat yapmalar\u0131na izin verecek \u015fekilde art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. B\u00f6ylelikle ithal edilen at\u0131klar\u0131n tehlikelilik d\u00fczeyi, kullan\u0131m amac\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7evresel etkileri kontrol edilebilir. \u00c7evresel riskleri minimize edecek \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen at\u0131k ithalat\u0131 \u00f6zellikle geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesini destekleyerek ve ithal hammadde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde girdi maliyetlerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak b\u00f6lge ekonomisine \u00f6nemli kazan\u00e7lar sunmaktad\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n