{"id":136,"date":"2020-04-28T10:00:38","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T10:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=136"},"modified":"2020-04-29T09:57:54","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T09:57:54","slug":"kalkinma-kavrami-uzerine-dusunceler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/kalkinma-kavrami-uzerine-dusunceler\/","title":{"rendered":"Kalk\u0131nma Kavram\u0131 \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Dr. Mehmet YAVUZ<\/strong>
Genel Sekreter<\/em>
genelsekreter@izka.org.tr<\/a>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131, d\u00fcnya ekonomi-politi\u011finin kadim kavramlar\u0131na k\u0131yasla olduk\u00e7a gen\u00e7 bir kavram. Kavram\u0131n g\u00fcndeme gelmesi ve politika (policy) uygulamas\u0131 haline gelmesini II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131na tarihlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sona ermesiyle birlikte eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkeleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00fclkelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z birer devlet olmas\u0131yla birlikte \u201cazgeli\u015fmi\u015flik\u201d<\/em>, bu devletlerin \u00e7\u00f6zmesi gereken temel sorun olarak kendini dayatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle, bu \u00fclkelerin elde etti\u011fi siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 ekonomik ve sosyal geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya ekonomi-politi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131 ve bu kavram\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi politika (policy)<\/em> uygulamalar\u0131, azgeli\u015fmi\u015flik sorununa cevap olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM), D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 (DB), Ekonomik \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi ve Kalk\u0131nma Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (OECD) gibi uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra iktisat disiplininin alt disiplini olarak geli\u015fen kalk\u0131nma iktisad\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda akademisyenler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar eliyle yar\u0131m asr\u0131 a\u015fan bir s\u00fcredir kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131 etraf\u0131nda ciddi bir k\u00fclliyat olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusu da kalk\u0131nma k\u00fclliyat\u0131na ili\u015fkin ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir girizg\u00e2h yapmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Kalk\u0131nma k\u00fclliyat\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak inceledi\u011finde, kavram\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimi, \u201c\u00f6zne\u201d<\/em>, \u201ci\u00e7erik\u201d<\/em>, \u201cy\u00f6ntem\u201d<\/em> ve \u201c\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u201d<\/em> olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt ana ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131n\u0131 anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iktisadi b\u00fcy\u00fcme kavram\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ktisadi b\u00fcy\u00fcme, \u201cbir iktisadi sistemin kendi i\u00e7sel g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin dinami\u011fi ile iktisadi yap\u0131da nicelik ve nitelik itibar\u0131yla y\u0131\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fme yaratabilmesi (Kazgan, 1993:248)\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bir ekonominin d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan m\u00fcdahale olmaks\u0131z\u0131n geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterebilece\u011fine i\u015faret eden iktisadi b\u00fcy\u00fcmeden farkl\u0131 olarak kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131, geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde geli\u015fme i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ve bilin\u00e7li m\u00fcdahaleye ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fu kabul\u00fcne dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ise, Ragnar Nurkse taraf\u0131ndan \u201cyoksulluk k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d<\/em> ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nurkse\u2019ye g\u00f6re, az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelir d\u00fczeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tasarruf oran\u0131na, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tasarruf oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131ma, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131m da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimlili\u011fe yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck t\u00fcketimi, bu durum s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir mal ve hizmet piyasas\u0131n\u0131 bu ise daha az yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmektedir (Bass, 2009:186-187). D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelire ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131r\u0131labilmesi, sermaye birikiminin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n artmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke ekonomilerinin kendi i\u00e7sel dinamikleri ile a\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in \u201c\u00f6zne\u201d <\/em>olarak \u201cdevletin\u201d<\/em>, \u201cplanlama\u201d<\/em> y\u00f6ntemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcrecinin ana akt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak devreye girmesi gerekmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalk\u0131nma iktisad\u0131 yaz\u0131n\u0131nda kalk\u0131nma planc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve \u00fclkemizde de 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda Devlet Planlama Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (DPT) kurulu\u015fuyla hayat bulan yakla\u015f\u0131m, devlet \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde planlama y\u00f6ntemiyle kalk\u0131nma \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanabilir. Buna g\u00f6re; s\u00fcrecin \u00f6znesi, devlet; y\u00f6ntemi, planlama, i\u00e7eri\u011fi gelir d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fckseltilmesi ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimi Gayri Safi Yurt \u0130\u00e7i Has\u0131la\u2019daki (GSY\u0130H) art\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            1940\u2019lar\u0131n sonundan 1980\u2019li y\u0131llara\nkadar bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede uygulama alan\u0131 bulan kalk\u0131nma planc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n ikinci\nyar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren gerek elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar gerekse de d\u00fcnya\nekonomi-politi\u011finde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sorgulanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkemiz\ntecr\u00fcbesinden de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi \u00fczere, planl\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ilk d\u00f6neminde GSY\u0130H\u2019da\n\u00f6nemli art\u0131\u015flar elde edilmi\u015f ancak bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n temel motivasyonu olan\nsanayile\u015fmenin beraberinde getirdi\u011fi k\u0131rdan kente yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131\nolarak kentsel altyap\u0131daki yetersizlikler, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k gibi hizmetlerin kent\nn\u00fcfusundaki art\u0131\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yetersiz kalmas\u0131 ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki\nadaletsizlikler gibi yeni sorun alanlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  Di\u011fer yandan, Bretton Woods sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kmesine\nba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ithal ikamesine dayal\u0131 sanayile\u015fme modelinin ekonomi-politik\nzeminini kaybetmesi de kalk\u0131nma planc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu\ngeli\u015fmelerin sonucu niteli\u011finde 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarla birlikte yeni bir kalk\u0131nma\nparadigmas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Yeni paradigman\u0131n kalk\u0131nman\u0131n \u00f6znesi\nve y\u00f6ntemi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yans\u0131mas\u0131, John Williamson taraf\u0131ndan D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve\nUluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu (IMF) politika uygulamalar\u0131ndan hareketle geli\u015ftirilen \u201cWashington\nKonsens\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d<\/em> kavram\u0131nda somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yavuz, 2017:23-24). Buna g\u00f6re,\nkalk\u0131nma s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6zne olarak piyasa devletin yerini al\u0131rken, y\u00f6ntem olarak\nserbestle\u015fme, dereg\u00fclasyon ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme de planlaman\u0131n yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Paradigma de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin i\u00e7erik ve\n\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yans\u0131mas\u0131 ise, Amartya Sen\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan takip\nedilebilir. Kalk\u0131nmay\u0131, salt iktisadi i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahip bir kavram olarak ele alan\nilk d\u00f6nem kalk\u0131nma planc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak Sen, \u201cinsan odakl\u0131\nkalk\u0131nma\u201d<\/em> yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yavuz, 2017:26). Buna g\u00f6re, ilk\nd\u00f6nem kalk\u0131nma planc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek ad\u0131na,\ne\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin nicelik ve nitelik olarak art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, gelir\nda\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki adaletsizliklerin azalt\u0131larak yoksullu\u011fun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi\nkonular \u00f6ncelik kazanm\u0131\u015f ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve insanca bir ya\u015fam\nkalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir (Yavuz, 2017:26). \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmdeki\nde\u011fi\u015fimin en somut yans\u0131mas\u0131 ise, BM taraf\u0131ndan 1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren her y\u0131l\nd\u00fczenli olarak yay\u0131mlanan \u0130nsani Geli\u015fmi\u015flik Endeksi\u2019nde (Human Development\nIndex-HDI) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. Bu endeks hesab\u0131nda GSY\u0130H\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra\ne\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerindeki iyile\u015fmeler de dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te,\n\u00f6zellikle 1992 Rio Konferans\u0131 ile birlikte \u00e7evresel sorunlar ba\u015fta iklim\nde\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olmak \u00fczere kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finin bir boyutu haline\ngelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma olarak kendini in\u015fa eden bu\nde\u011fi\u015fim, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda gelecek nesillerin de dikkate\nal\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, do\u011frusal bir ekonomiden d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u015faret\netmektedir. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da \u0130nsani Geli\u015fmi\u015flik Endeksinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u00fcre\u00e7\ni\u00e7erisinde Milenyum Kalk\u0131nma Hedefleri, S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma 2030 Hedefleri\ngibi t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in ortak kalk\u0131nma hedefleri belirlenirken, ba\u015fta Avrupa\nBirli\u011fi (AB) ve OECD olmak \u00fczere uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar, enerji verimlili\u011fi,\nsera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi gibi bir\u00e7ok alanda geli\u015ftirdikleri g\u00f6stergeler\nile kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcne farkl\u0131 boyutlar kazand\u0131rmaya devam etmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buraya\nkadar yap\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 girizg\u00e2h a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tablo-1:<\/strong> Kalk\u0131nma Paradigmas\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan De\u011fi\u015fim<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n Kalk\u0131nma Paradigmas\u0131<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Kalk\u0131nma Planc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n \u0130nsan Odakl\u0131 Kalk\u0131nma D\u00f6nemi<\/strong>\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n \u00d6zne<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Devlet\n <\/td>\n Piyasa\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n \u0130\u00e7erik<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Salt \u0130ktisadi Unsurlar\n <\/td>\n \u0130ktisadi, Sosyal, K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve \u00c7evresel Unsurlar\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n Y\u00f6ntem<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n Planlama\n <\/td>\n Serbestle\u015fme, Dereg\u00fclasyon ve \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc Birimi<\/strong>\n <\/td>\n GSY\u0130H Art\u0131\u015f\u0131\n <\/td>\n GSY\u0130H Art\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u0130nsani Geli\u015fmi\u015flik Endeksi, 2030\n Hedefleri, Enerji Verimlili\u011fi, Sera Gaz\u0131 Sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 vb.\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n

            1980\u2019lerle birlikte ba\u015flayan ve\ng\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ge\u00e7erli\u011fini koruyan yeni kalk\u0131nma paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n\nistisnalar\u0131 da mevcuttur. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcrecini farkl\u0131\ny\u00f6ntemlerle y\u00f6netmi\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131 elde etmi\u015f \u00fclkeler olmu\u015ftur.\nBunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ise, \u00c7in ve Hindistan gelmektedir. Her iki \u00fclkede de devlet\nkalk\u0131nma s\u00fcrecindeki \u00f6zne rol\u00fcn\u00fc korumu\u015f, planlamay\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ek ve\ni\u00e7eriklerle devam ettirmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fta G\u00fcney Kore olmak \u00fczere Uzak Do\u011fu Asya\n\u00fclkelerinin de h\u00e2kim paradigmadan ayr\u0131\u015fan y\u00f6nleri vard\u0131r (S\u00f6nmez, 2001). Ancak,\nbu ayr\u0131\u015fma \u00c7in ve Hindistan \u00f6rneklerindeki kopu\u015ftan ayr\u0131 olarak paradigman\u0131n\nb\u00f6lgesel ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u015feklinde kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bununla\nbirlikte, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemde kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresel boyutunun giderek\n\u00f6nem kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcm politika uygulamalar\u0131nda bask\u0131n hale gelece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Bass, Hans, \u201cRagnar Nurkse\u2019s Development Theory: Influences and Perceptions\u201d, Ragnar Nurkse (1907-2007): Classical Development Economics and Its Relevance Today<\/em> i\u00e7inde, Anthem Press, 2009, s. 183-202.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    • Kazgan, G\u00fclten, \u0130ktisadi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce veya Politik \u0130ktisad\u0131n Evrimi<\/em>, Remzi Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 1993.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      • S\u00f6nmez, Atilla, Do\u011fu Asya Mucizesi ve Bunal\u0131m\u0131: T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in Dersler<\/em>, \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2001.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        • Yavuz, Mehmet, Kamu Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00f6netimi: M\u00fcstakil Projelerden Toplula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Projelere Ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/em>, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi), Ankara, 2017.<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Kalk\u0131nma kavram\u0131, d\u00fcnya ekonomi-politi\u011finin kadim kavramlar\u0131na k\u0131yasla olduk\u00e7a gen\u00e7 bir kavram. Kavram\u0131n g\u00fcndeme gelmesi ve politika (policy) uygulamas\u0131 haline gelmesini II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131na tarihlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":181,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[34,37,35,36,19],"class_list":["post-136","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-surdurulebilir-kalkinma","tag-azgelismislik","tag-insan-odakli-kalkinma","tag-kalkinma","tag-kalkinma-planciligi","tag-surdurulebilir-kalkinma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":443,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136\/revisions\/443"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}