{"id":109,"date":"2020-04-28T16:27:55","date_gmt":"2020-04-28T16:27:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=109"},"modified":"2020-04-29T09:58:31","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T09:58:31","slug":"covid-19-mucadelesi-ve-dogal-kaynak-kullanimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2020\/04\/28\/covid-19-mucadelesi-ve-dogal-kaynak-kullanimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Covid-19 M\u00fccadelesi ve Do\u011fal Kaynak Kullan\u0131m\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

H\u00fclya ULUSOY<\/strong>
Uzman
Yat\u0131r\u0131m Destek Ofisi<\/em>
hulya.ulusoy@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u0130nsanl\u0131k \u00e7ok zor bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten ge\u00e7iyor. Ancak bu s\u00fcrecin ileride daha b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131navlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in COVID-19\u2019la s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gereken m\u00fccadeleye ra\u011fmen unutulmamas\u0131 gereken ba\u015fka zorluklar da var: Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki ve asl\u0131nda uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli tehdit: \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve \u00c7evresel Bozulma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyayla\nbirlikte \u00fclkemiz de COVID-19\u2019la ilgili \u00f6nlemler al\u0131yor ve \u00f6nerilen \u00f6nlemleri\nk\u00fcresel bir sorumlulukla uygulamaya ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Bu\n\u00f6nlemlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, ki\u015fisel hijyene her zamankinden daha fazla \u00f6zen\ng\u00f6sterilmesi, temas ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazsa plastik eldiven kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, hasta veya\nkalabal\u0131k ortama giren ki\u015filerin maske kullanmas\u0131 ve ellerin herhangi bir temas\nsonras\u0131nda veya s\u0131k s\u0131k 20 sn y\u0131kanmas\u0131 geliyor. Uzmanlar, al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yaparken (d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fte\ny\u0131kanmas\u0131 sa\u011flanamayacaksa veya temas\u0131 \u00f6nlenemeyecekse) kuma\u015f torbalar yerine\nplastik torbalar kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f sonras\u0131nda temas\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek\n\u015fekilde po\u015fetlerin \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor. Sadece ki\u015fisel de\u011fil, kamusal ve\nkurumsal d\u00fczeyde de pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nlemler al\u0131n\u0131yor. Merkezi ve yerel kurulu\u015flar\ns\u00fcrekli ortak alanlara y\u00f6nelik hijyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131yor ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r \u00fcretim\nmerkezlerinde de benzer uygulamalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde su ve\nkimyasal madde kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bunlar uygulan\u0131rken\ngelece\u011fimizi ilgilendiren \u00f6nemli hatalar yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Su sonsuz bir kaynakm\u0131\u015f\ngibi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor; normal sabun yeterliyken do\u011faya zarar\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcnler\ntercih ediliyor; plastik po\u015fetler, eldivenler ve maskeler geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\ns\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden uzak \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6plere (hatta yerlere) at\u0131l\u0131yor. Suyun k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 bir\nkaynak oldu\u011fu, \u00e7evreye verilen zarar\u0131n hem su kalitesini bozdu\u011fu hem de iklim\nde\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutuluyor. E\u011fer kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bu \u015fekilde\ny\u00f6netmeye devam edersek suyun kullan\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131tlamalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131z\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve bu tarz bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsak COVID-19\u2019la m\u00fccadelenin nas\u0131l bir\nboyut kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayacak \u015fekilde \u00e7ok boyutlu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi ve hareket edilmesi\ngerekiyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yerk\u00fcrede do\u011fal\nkaynaklar k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131, ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130zmir\u2019de su kaynaklar\u0131 kritik\nseviyede az. Yap\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u0130zmir\u2019in k\u0131tl\u0131k seviyesinde su\nrezervlerine sahip oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konuya dikkat\n\u00e7eken ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri, \u0130\u015f D\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Derne\u011fi\u2019nin\n\u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Suyun Durumu ve Su Y\u00f6netiminde Yeni Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar: \u00c7evresel\nPerspektif\u201d(\u0130\u015f D\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Derne\u011fi, 2014)isimli\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6re; havzalarda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na su potansiyeline\nbak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131 \u201cmutlak su k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, Gediz ve B\u00fcy\u00fck\nMenderes Havzalar\u0131 ise \u201csu k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d de\u011ferlerinde suya sahip ve bu durum \u0130zmir\u2019i\nsu potansiyelinde \u00fclkenin en zay\u0131f b\u00f6lgesi haline getiriyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131m ve Orman\nBakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131 Kurakl\u0131k Y\u00f6netim\nPlan\u0131\u201d (Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2018) da \u0130zmir\u2019de sorunlara dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Bu\nplanda, metodolojik bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla havzan\u0131n su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve su kullan\u0131m\u0131 tespit edilerek\nhem su kullan\u0131m\u0131na hem de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara y\u00f6nelik gelecek\nprojeksiyonlar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu plana g\u00f6re, halihaz\u0131rda, Havzan\u0131n kullan\u0131labilir su\npotansiyeli 1158,89 hm3 ve Havzada mevcut su kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 toplam 1228,00 hm3\u2019t\u00fcr.\nBu durumda, Havzada t\u00fcketim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalan kullan\u0131labilir toplam su potansiyeli\n-70,38 hm3\u2019t\u00fcr. Bu sonu\u00e7lar Havzada su potansiyelinin negatif oldu\u011fu, mevcut\ndurumda havza su potansiyelinin t\u00fcketimleri kar\u015f\u0131layamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes\nHavzas\u0131nda yeralt\u0131 suyundaki azalma da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir seviyededir. 34\nyeralt\u0131 suyu kuyusunda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re 30 kuyuda \u00e7ok belirgin azalma\ne\u011filimleri tespit edilmi\u015f. Bunun yan\u0131nda, y\u00fczeysel su kaynaklar\u0131nda da i\u00e7me ve kullanma\nsuyu kalite kategorisi A3 d\u00fczeyinde; bu kategori i\u00e7me ve kullanma suyu olarak\nen k\u00f6t\u00fc seviye olup ancak fiziksel ve kimyasal ar\u0131tma, ileri ar\u0131tma ve\ndezenfeksiyon ile i\u00e7ilebilir su kalitesi anlam\u0131na geliyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu veriler bize\nzaten k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olan su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerce ve toplumun t\u00fcm kesimlerince\n\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hem de kirletildi\u011finin bir kan\u0131t\u0131. Bunun\nyan\u0131nda, su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tehdit eden farkl\u0131 bir etmen daha var: \u0130klim\nDe\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine Tar\u0131m ve Orman\nBakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131
\nSu Tahsis Plan\u0131 Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 Projesi kapsam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Su Tahsis\nPlan\u0131 Kurakl\u0131k Analizleri\u201d (Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2019); s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerin\n\u00f6nemli etkileri olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, gelecek d\u00f6nem kurakl\u0131k\nanalizlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fta azalmalar\u0131n genel\nkan\u0131n\u0131n aksine olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n bir d\u00f6nemde etkisini hissettirece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde.\nHavzan\u0131n, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201c\u015fiddetli kurakl\u0131k\u201d ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 ve\n2053 senesinde ise \u201c\u00e7ok \u015fiddetli kurakl\u0131k\u201d seviyeleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benzer sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Ajans\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n\nD\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda Kritik\nTar\u0131msal \u00dcr\u00fcnlerde Risk Analizi \u2013 KAPRA Projesi\u201d (D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, 2018) kapsam\u0131nda\nyap\u0131lan analizlerde de g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda\nkritik tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tespit edilmesi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler\n\u00fczerindeki etkisinin belirlenerek dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6nerilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve\nb\u00f6ylece bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin s\u00fcreklili\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada farkl\u0131 bir\nmetodolojiyle iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k projeksiyonlar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n\nsonuna do\u011fru Havza\u2019da y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze k\u0131yasla 2 \u00b0C ila 6\n\u00b0C aras\u0131nda artacak, yaz mevsimi s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 k\u0131\u015f mevsimi s\u0131cakl\u0131k\nart\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan daha fazla olacak. En uzun kurak d\u00f6nemin uzamas\u0131, en uzun ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131\nd\u00f6nemin k\u0131salmas\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 g\u00fcnlerin artmas\u0131 bekleniyor. KAPRA\nanalizlerinde, Havza\u2019da 2022 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak \u201cs\u00fcrekli olarak\u201d \u201corta ve\n\u015fiddetli\/ekstrem kurakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmekte. Ayr\u0131ca, temmuz ve a\u011fustos\naylar\u0131nda Havza\u2019da s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dikkat\u201d edilmesi gereken seviyeye girebilece\u011fi\nbelirtiliyor. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Su Tahsis Plan\u0131 Kurakl\u0131k Analizleri sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na\nbenzer \u015fekilde; 2030\u2019dan itibaren Havza\u2019da genel olarak \u201cs\u00fcrekli bir su a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d\nve \u201c\u015fiddetli kurakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n etkili olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu durum sonucunda\nise yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131, nehir ve g\u00f6ller seviyesinde keskin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler bekleniyor.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da de\u011findi\u011fim\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve ba\u015fta Ege \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u201cDe\u011fi\u015fen\n\u0130klim Ko\u015fullar\u0131na Uyumlu, Kesintisiz Tar\u0131msal \u00dcretim Ama\u00e7l\u0131 Kurakl\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi\n\u00d6nerisi, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes \u00d6rne\u011fi\u201d Projesi olmak \u00fczere, pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma da farkl\u0131\nmetodolojiler kullanarak benzer sonu\u00e7lara dikkat \u00e7ekiyorlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir\u2019de su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\nk\u0131tl\u0131k seviyesinde, su kalitesinin en k\u00f6t\u00fc kategoride, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin\ns\u0131cakl\u0131k ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n gelecekteki su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit edecek\n\u015fekilde geli\u015fece\u011fi belirtiliyor. Bu durum tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin, dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile g\u0131da\ns\u00fcreklili\u011fimizin, \u00e7o\u011fu suya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 sanayi \u00fcretimimizin \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli tehditler\nolu\u015fturmakta. Ve en \u00f6nemlisi COVID-19\u2019la m\u00fccadele d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u015fu anda\nya\u015famakta oldu\u011fumuz salg\u0131n benzeri durumlara olan k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 art\u0131rmakta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veriler bize olumlu\nbir tablo \u00e7izmiyor, ancak bu durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirme \u015fans\u0131m\u0131z var. S\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\nya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve ekonomik faaliyetleri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilir, su ve karbon ayak izimizi\nazaltacak \u015fekilde bir sosyo-ekolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebiliriz. Sanayide ve\ntar\u0131mda bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011flayacak farkl\u0131 teknoloji ve y\u00f6ntemler var. Bunlar\u0131\ndestekleyecek pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma, bilgi ve ulusal\/uluslararas\u0131 finansal kaynak\nvar. \u00d6nemli olan fark\u0131nda ve kararl\u0131 olmak. Bir ekosistemin par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fumuz,\nher yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hareketin bir sonucunun oldu\u011fu, ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7inde bu sonucun\nbir g\u00fcn bizi mutlaka etkileyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek harekete ge\u00e7meliyiz. Gezegenimizi\nkoruman\u0131n, COVID-19\u2019la m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrecinden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyece\u011fi ve benzer\n\u015fekilde bireysel sorumlulu\u011fumuzun toplumsal ve k\u00fcresel bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 oldu\u011fu\nunutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n