{"id":1011,"date":"2021-08-24T06:15:01","date_gmt":"2021-08-24T06:15:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/?p=1011"},"modified":"2021-08-24T06:15:04","modified_gmt":"2021-08-24T06:15:04","slug":"kucuk-menderes-havzasinda-yeralti-su-kaynaklarinin-surdurulebilirligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kalkinmaguncesi.izka.org.tr\/index.php\/2021\/08\/24\/kucuk-menderes-havzasinda-yeralti-su-kaynaklarinin-surdurulebilirligi\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda Yeralt\u0131 Su Kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tuba TOL<\/strong><\/strong>
Uzman
Proje Uygulama ve \u0130zleme Birimi<\/em><\/em>
tuba.tol@izka.org.tr<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyinin d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc sularla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen insan kullan\u0131m\u0131na uygun tatl\u0131 su oran\u0131 yaln\u0131zca %2.5\u2019tur (\u015eekil 1). Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’e ba\u011fl\u0131 UNESCO’nun haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2019 D\u00fcnya Su Raporuna g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnyada yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyar insan su stresi i\u00e7indeki \u00fclkelerde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin de etkisiyle artan su stresi, su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi konusunun ne denli kritik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. B\u00f6ylece ikamesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan suyun, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n stratejik kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (T.C. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 1.D\u00fcnya Su Kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/em>
Kaynak: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Su \u0130statistikleri, 2013.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %71\u2019i tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde daha \u00e7ok sulama ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunu %18 ve %11 oranlar\u0131nda sanayi ve hane halk\u0131 kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 izlemektedir. T\u00fcrkiye su kaynaklar\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da D\u00fcnya\u2019daki kullan\u0131m oranlar\u0131na paralel oranlarda oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (\u015eekil 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 2. D\u00fcnya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Su Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Sekt\u00f6rlere G\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/em>
Kaynak: TEMA Vakf\u0131, 2019<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, ekonomik geli\u015fme, kentle\u015fme ve n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedenleriyle d\u00fcnya su kaynaklar\u0131 mevcudiyetinde de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Bu sebeple var olan su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n en verimli \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklere haz\u0131rlanmak i\u00e7in karar vericilerin k\u00fcresel su arz\u0131 ve talebinin gelecekteki senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda 2040 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bahreyn, Kuveyt, Katar, San Marino, Singapur, Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri, Filistin ve \u0130srail t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerde en \u00e7ok su stresi ya\u015fayacak \u00fclkeler olarak s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u015eekil 3). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu Akdeniz Havzas\u0131, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131 \u201cs\u0131cak nokta\u201dlardan birisi olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r (IUCN, 2014). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin su stresi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 2040 y\u0131l\u0131nda en \u00e7ok su stresine sahip 27. \u00fclke olaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir (Luo, Young, & Reig, 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 3. 2040 Y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya \u00dclkelerinin Su Stresi G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/em>
Kaynak: Luo, Young, & Reig, World Resources Institute, 2015.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kullan\u0131labilir y\u00fczeysel su potansiyeli yurt i\u00e7indeki akarsulardan 95 milyar m\u00b3, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerden yurdumuza gelen akarsulardan 3 milyar m\u00b3 olmak \u00fczere, y\u0131lda ortalama toplam 98 milyar m\u00b3\u2019t\u00fcr.  14 milyar m\u00b3 olarak belirlenen yeralt\u0131 suyu potansiyeli ile birlikte \u00fclkemizin kullan\u0131labilir yer\u00fcst\u00fc ve yeralt\u0131 su potansiyeli y\u0131lda ortalama toplam 112 milyar m\u00b3\u2019t\u00fcr (DS\u0130, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen kullan\u0131labilir su potansiyelinin 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1.514 m\u00b3 oldu\u011fu, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da hesaba kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla 1.120 m\u00b3\u2019e kadar azalaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (\u015eekil 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 4. D\u00fcnya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Su Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Sekt\u00f6rlere G\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/em>
Kaynak: TEMA Vakf\u0131, 2019<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki su alanlar\u0131 25 havzaya ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu havzalardan olan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda Gediz ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes Havza\u2019lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, sular\u0131n\u0131 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Nehri ve di\u011fer akarsularla Ege Denizi\u2019ne bo\u015faltan alan\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r ve \u0130zmir ilini de i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 5.\u00a0 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Etkileri<\/em>
Kaynak: \u00a0Su Tahsis Plan\u0131 Kurakl\u0131k Analizleri, Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2019a<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden \u015fiddetli bir bi\u00e7imde etkilenecek havzalar aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r (\u015eekil 5).  Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonuna do\u011fru y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n 2 ila 6 \u00b0C aras\u0131nda artmas\u0131, kurak d\u00f6nemlerin uzamas\u0131,  ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerin azalarak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 g\u00fcnlerin artmas\u0131, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren etkili olmaya ba\u015flayacak orta \u015fiddetli kurakl\u0131klar\u0131n yerini, 2030\u2019dan itibaren \u015fiddetli kurakl\u0131klar\u0131n almas\u0131, yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc su seviyelerinde keskin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi beklenmektedir (D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes havzas\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir su kaynaklar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc kullan\u0131labilir su potansiyelinin 1.158,89 hm\u00b3 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Havzada mevcut su kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 toplam\u0131 ise \u00a01.228,00 hm\u00b3\u2019t\u00fcr. Bu durumda havzan\u0131n su potansiyelinin mevcut su \u00a0t\u00fcketimini tam olarak kar\u015f\u0131layamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. (T.C. Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u015eekil 6. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda Yeralt\u0131 Suyu T\u00fcketiminin Miktar ve Y\u00fczdesel Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/em>
Kaynak: T.C. Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131 Nehir Havza Plan\u0131 Nihai Raporu,2019b.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda yeralt\u0131 suyu i\u00e7me, sulama ve end\u00fcstriyel kullanma suyu olarak yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir kaynakt\u0131r. Havzada toplam yeralt\u0131 suyu \u00e7ekimlerinin sekt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na bakacak olursak %78 oran\u0131nda tar\u0131msal sulamada, %20 oran\u0131nda i\u00e7me ve kullanmada, %2 oran\u0131nda end\u00fcstride kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz (\u015eekil 6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri yayg\u0131n olarak yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fcretim faaliyetleri sonucu havzan\u0131n su kaynaklar\u0131na gereksinimi gittik\u00e7e artmaktad\u0131r. Fakat havzan\u0131n y\u00fczeysel su potansiyeli bu ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak seviyede de\u011fildir. Bu sebeple yer\u00fcst\u00fc su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz geldi\u011fi durumlarda yeralt\u0131 suyunun kontrols\u00fcz kullan\u0131m\u0131 bu kaynaklar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini tehdit etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde yeralt\u0131 suyuna olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltabilmek i\u00e7in y\u00fczeysel sulama veriminin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 genel olarak a\u00e7\u0131k sistem olan y\u00fczeysel sulama sistemlerinin kapal\u0131 iletim ve damla sulama sistemine d\u00f6nmesi ile sa\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Havzada kentsel ve end\u00fcstriyel su temini amac\u0131yla da yeralt\u0131 suyu kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu sular ortama at\u0131k su olarak geri d\u00f6nmektedir. Bu at\u0131k sular\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra belli ama\u00e7larla yeniden kullan\u0131m\u0131 havza yer\u00fcst\u00fc su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131 yeralt\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kirlilik riskli ile de kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Ar\u0131t\u0131lmadan y\u00fczeysel su kaynaklar\u0131na verilen kentsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131k sular, tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerden d\u00f6nen g\u00fcbre ve pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 sular, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu alanlarda olu\u015fan hayvansal at\u0131klar, d\u00fczensiz d\u00f6k\u00fcm sahalar\u0131, zeytin i\u015fleme tesisleri, jeotermal sahalar ve at\u0131k jeotermal ak\u0131\u015fkan bertaraf\u0131 ve madencilik faaliyetleri yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131na etki eden kirlilik kaynaklar\u0131 olarak s\u0131ralanabilir (<\/em>T.C. Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131,2019b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131\u2019ndaki yeralt\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n korunabilmesi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kullan\u0131m olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in yasal olmayan yeralt\u0131 suyu kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesi, yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n miktar ve kalitesini etkileyen fakt\u00f6rlerin tespit edilmesi ve bu fakt\u00f6rleri engelleyici tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131, su sa\u011flayan birimlerin \u00f6zelliklerinin ve bu birimlerin (akiferlerin) hidrolik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi, yerle\u015fim yerlerine su sa\u011flayan kuyular\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kesimlerin hidrojeolojik raporlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve akifere beslenimi artt\u0131racak y\u00f6ntemlerin geli\u015ftirilmesi, su tasarrufu konusunda t\u00fcketicilerin bilin\u00e7lendirilmesi,  sulama sistemlerinin rehabilitasyonu ve y\u00fczeysel sulama sistemlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zendirilmesi son derece \u00f6nemli ve gereklidir. Ayr\u0131ca yeralt\u0131 suyunu depolamak veya depolanan yeralt\u0131 suyu miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak \u00fczere kurulan yeralt\u0131 barajlar\u0131 ve yeralt\u0131 suyu besleme tesislerinin K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki yeralt\u0131 su varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli yat\u0131r\u0131m aras\u0131nda yer alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n